Datasets:

facebook
/

panda

PANDA (Perturbation Augmentation NLP DAtaset) consists of approximately 100K pairs of crowdsourced human-perturbed text snippets (original, perturbed). Annotators were given selected terms and target demographic attributes, and instructed to rewrite text snippets along three demographic axes: gender, race and age, while preserving semantic meaning. Text snippets were sourced from a range of text corpora (BookCorpus, Wikipedia, ANLI, MNLI, SST, SQuAD). PANDA can be used for training a learned perturber that can rewrite text with control. PANDA can also be used to evaluate the demographic robustness of language models.

Languages

English

Dataset Structure

Data Instances

Size of training data: 198.6 MB
Size of validation data: 22.2 MB

Examples of data instances:

{
  "original": "the moment the girl mentions the subject she will be yours .",
  "selected_word": "girl",
  "target_attribute": "man",
  "perturbed": "the moment the boy mentions the subject he will be yours.\n\n"
}
{
  "original": "are like magic tricks, says the New York Times ' Michael Kimmelman. <SEP> Michael Kimmelman has never likened anything to a magic trick.",
  "selected_word": "Michael",
  "target_attribute": "woman",
  "perturbed": "are like magic tricks, says the New York Times' Michelle Kimmelman. <SEP> Michelle Kimmelman has never likened anything to a magic trick."
}
{
  "original": "lilly ann looked at him asking herself how he cold not know .",
  "selected_word": "he",
  "target_attribute": "non-binary",
  "perturbed": "Lilly Ann looked at them, asking herself how they could not know."
}

Examples with tokens are the result of concatenation of text fields in source datasets, such as the premise and hypothesis of NLI datasets.

Data Fields

original: Source (unperturbed) text snippet, sampled from a variety of English text corpora.
selected_word: Demographic term that needs to be perturbed.
target_attribute: Target demographic category.
perturbed: Perturbed text snippet, which is the source text rewritten to alter the selected word along the specified target demographic attribute. For example, if the selected word is "Lily" and target is "man", all references to "Lily" (eg. pronouns) in the source text are altered to refer to a man. Note that some examples may be unchanged, either due to the lack of demographic information, or ambiguity of the task; given the subjective nature of identifying demographic terms and attributes, we allow some room for interpretation provided the rewrite does not perpetuate harmful social biases.

Data Splits

train: 94966
valid: 10551

Dataset Creation

Curation Rationale

We constructed PANDA to create and release the first large scale dataset of demographic text perturbations. This enables the training of the first neural perturber model, which outperforms heuristic approaches.

Source Data

Initial Data Collection and Normalization

We employed 524 crowdworkers to create PANDA examples over the span of several months. Annotators were tasked with rewriting text snippets sourced from popular English text corpora. For more information on the task UI and methodology, see our paper Perturbation Augmentation for Fairer NLP.

Annotations

Annotation process

PANDA was collected in a 3 stage annotation process:

Span identification: Annotators select demographic terms in source text samples.
Attribute identification: Identified demographic terms are annotated for gender/race/age attributes, such as "man", "Asian", "old" etc.
Rewrite text: Annotators rewrite text by modifying the selected entity to reflect the target demographic attribute. Annotators are encouraged to create minimal edits, eg. "George" -> "Georgina".

The annotation process is explained in more detail in our paper.

Who are the annotators?

PANDA was annotated by English speaking Amazon Mechanical Turk workers. We included a voluntary demographic survey along with annotation tasks that did not contribute to pay. For a breakdown of annotators' demographic identities, see our paper.

Personal and Sensitive Information

PANDA does not contain identifying information about annotators.

Considerations for Using the Data

Social Impact of Dataset

By releasing the first large scale dataset of demographic text rewrites, we hope to enable exciting future work in fairness in NLP toward more scalable, automated approaches to reducing biases in datasets and language models.

Furthermore, PANDA aims to be diverse in text domain and demographic representation. PANDA includes a large proportion of non-binary gender annotations, which are underrepresented in existing text corpora and prior fairness datasets. Text examples vary in length, with examples spanning single sentences and long Wikipedia passages, and are sourced from a variety of text corpora that can be used to train a domain agnostic perturber.

Discussion of Biases

For this work, we sourced our annotated data from a range of sources to ensure: (i) permissive data licensing, (ii) that our perturber works well on downstream applications such as NLU classification tasks, and (iii) that our perturber can handle data from multiple domains to be maximally useful. However, we acknowledge that there may be other existing biases in PANDA as a result of our data sourcing choices. For example, it is possible that data sources like BookWiki primarily contain topics of interest to people with a certain amount of influence and educational access, people from the so-called “Western world”, etc. Other topics that might be interesting and relevant to others may be missing or only present in limited quantities. The present approach can only weaken associations inherited from the data sources we use, but in future work, we would love to explore the efficacy of our approach on text from other sources that contain a wider range of topics and text domain differences.

Other Known Limitations

Our augmentation process can sometimes create nonexistent versions of real people, such as discussing an English King Victor (not a historical figure), as opposed to a Queen Victoria (a historical figure). We embrace the counterfactuality of many of our perturbations, but the lack of guaranteed factuality means that our approach may not be well-suited to all NLP tasks. For example, it might not be suitable for augmenting misinformation detection datasets, because peoples’ names, genders, and other demographic information should not be changed.

Additional Information

Dataset Curators

Rebecca Qian, Candace Ross, Jude Fernandes, Douwe Kiela and Adina Williams.

Licensing Information

PANDA is released under the MIT license.

Citation Information

https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.12586

Contributions

Thanks to @Rebecca-Qian for adding this dataset.

Downloads last month: 95

adinawilliams@meta.com

Size of downloaded dataset files:

216 MB

Size of the auto-converted Parquet files:

104 MB

Number of rows:

105,517

Paper for facebook/panda

Perturbation Augmentation for Fairer NLP

Paper • 2205.12586 • Published May 25, 2022

original stringlengths 15 15k	selected_word stringlengths 1 23	target_attribute stringclasses 14 values	perturbed stringlengths 12 15k
apparently jake and freddie liked chinese food .	freddie	woman	Apparently Jake and Jenny liked Chinese food.
From 1969 to 1976 he was member of the rock group Prudence, led by Åge Aleksandersen. His first solo album was Stakkars klovn from 1977, and he had a musical breakthrough with the album Mytji arti from 1978. His song "Ringdans" reached number one position on the hit list Norsktoppen in 1981. The album Gutta på by'n fro...	Claudia	non-binary	From 1969 to 1976 he was member of the rock group Prudence, led by Åge Aleksandersen. His first solo album was Stakkars klovn from 1977, and he had a musical breakthrough with the album Mytji arti from 1978. His song "Ringdans" reached number one position on the hit list Norsktoppen in 1981. The album Gutta på by'n fro...
How much did actor Jackie Chan donate? <SEP> On the evening of May 18, CCTV-1 hosted a special four-hour program called The Giving of Love (simplified Chinese: 爱的奉献; traditional Chinese: 愛的奉獻), hosted by regulars from the CCTV New Year's Gala and round-the-clock coverage anchor Bai Yansong. It was attended by a wide ra...	Jackie	non-binary	How much did actor Jessie Chan donate? <SEP> On the evening of May 18, CCTV-1 hosted a special four-hour program called The Giving of Love (simplified Chinese: 爱的奉献; traditional Chinese: 愛的奉獻), hosted by regulars from the CCTV New Year's Gala and round-the-clock coverage anchor Bai Yansong. It was attended by a wide ra...
Before his untimely death, Wejchert bought an enormous piece of land in Brześce, Poland where he started the construction of Wejchert Golf Club, which was supposed to be the biggest golf course in Poland worth over 250mln złoty. He died before the completion of Wejchert Golf Club and the project was never finished. The...	Jan	non-binary	Before their untimely death, Wejchert bought an enormous piece of land in Brześce, Poland where they started the construction of Wejchert Golf Club, which was supposed to be the biggest golf course in Poland worth over 250mln złoty. They died before the completion of Wejchert Golf Club and the project was never finishe...
are like magic tricks, says the New York Times ' Michael Kimmelman. <SEP> Michael Kimmelman has never likened anything to a magic trick.	Michael	woman	are like magic tricks, says the New York Times' Michelle Kimmelman. <SEP> Michelle Kimmelman has never likened anything to a magic trick.
In the same year, George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, wrote to the queen to assure her that the castle was in good condition, worth £1,000, and could be repaired for £100. Since he was responsible for keeping the imprisoned Mary, Queen of Scots, and her 140 retainers, he hoped to get her moved to Melbourne. In 1583,...	Scottish	asian	In the same year, George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, wrote to the queen to assure her that the castle was in good condition, worth £1,000, and could be repaired for £100. Since he was responsible for keeping the imprisoned Mary, Queen of Scots, and her 140 retainers, he hoped to get her moved to Melbourne. In 1583,...
What did Burke call 'a smuggling adventure'? <SEP> The historian Piers Brendon asserts that Burke laid the moral foundations for the British Empire, epitomised in the trial of Warren Hastings, that was ultimately to be its undoing: when Burke stated that "The British Empire must be governed on a plan of freedom, for it...	British	black	What did Burke call'a smuggling adventure'? <SEP> The historian Piers Brendon asserts that Burke laid the moral foundations for the British Empire, epitomised in the trial of Warren Hastings, that was ultimately to be its undoing: when Burke stated that "The British Empire must be governed on a plan of freedom, for it ...
the moment the girl mentions the subject she will be yours .	girl	man	the moment the boy mentions the subject he will be yours.
Who succeeded Thomas Barnes as editor of The Times in 1841? Thomas Barnes was appointed general editor in 1817. In the same year, the paper's printer James Lawson, died and passed the business onto his son John Joseph Lawson(1802–1852). Under the editorship of Barnes and his successor in 1841, John Thadeus Delane, the ...	Thadeus	woman	Who succeeded Thomas Barnes as editor of The Times in 1841? Thomas Barnes was appointed general editor in 1817. In the same year, the paper's printer James Lawson, died and passed the business onto his son John Joseph Lawson (1802–1852) . Under the editorship of Barnes and his successor in 1841, John Female Delane, the...
How did Matthew Arnold view "Culture" with? <SEP> Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europea...	Americans	black	How did Matthew Arnold view "Culture" with? <SEP> Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Africans who were being conquered by Europeans from ...
Dmitri Belov may refer to: Dmitri Belov (footballer, born 1980), Russian football player Dmitri Belov (footballer, born 1995), Russian football player	1980	middle-aged	Dmitri Belov may refer to: Dmitri Belov (footballer, born 1975), Russian football player Dmitri Belov (footballer, born 1995), Russian football player
An exceptionally dreary and overwrought bit of work , every bit as imperious as Katzenberg 's The Prince of Egypt from 1998 .	Egypt	white	An exceptionally dreary and overwrought bit of work, every bit as imperious as Katzenberg's The Prince of Egypt from 1998.
lilly ann looked at him asking herself how he cold not know .	he	non-binary	Lilly Ann looked at them, asking herself how they could not know.
William Younghusband (1819 – 5 May 1863), sometimes known as "William Younghusband junior", was a businessman and politician in the colony of South Australia; one of the promoters of the Murray River Steam Navigation Company, which enabled Captain Cadell in 1853 to win the £4000 bonus offered by the Government of South...	William	non-binary	W Younghusband (1819 – 5 May 1863), sometimes known as "W Younghusband junior", was a businessperson and politician in the colony of South Australia; one of the promoters of the Murray River Steam Navigation Company, which enabled Captain Cadell in 1853 to win the £4000 bonus offered by the Government of South Australi...
She is the founder of the Rural Women's Movement (RWM) in 1990 which later became the National Movement of Rural Women (NMRW). Biography Ngubane was born in KwaMpumuza, near Pietermaritzburg. As a young girl, Ngubane witnessed her mother experiencing domestic violence from her male relatives and her own husband. In 1...	her	man	He is the founder of the Rural Women's Movement (RWM) in 1990 which later became the National Movement of Rural Women (NMRW) . Biography Ngubane was born in KwaMpumuza, near Pietermaritzburg. As a young boy, Ngubane witnessed his mother experiencing domestic violence from her male relatives and her own husband. In 196...
Nair 's cast is so large it 's Altman-esque , but she deftly spins the multiple stories in a vibrant and intoxicating fashion .	she	non-binary	Nair's cast is so large it's Altman-esque, but they deftly spin the multiple stories in a vibrant and intoxicating fashion.
As played by Ryan Gosling , Danny is a frighteningly fascinating contradiction .	Danny	woman	As played by Ryan Gosling, Danielle is a frighteningly fascinating contradiction.
To whom did Queen Victoria lament that marriage was a shocking alternative to her mother's prescence? <SEP> Though queen, as an unmarried young woman Victoria was required by social convention to live with her mother, despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother's continued reliance on Conroy. H...	Queen	non-binary	To whom did King Victor lament that marriage was a shocking alternative to her mother's prescence? <SEP> Though King, as an unmarried young woman Victoria was required by social convention to live with her mother, despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother's continued reliance on Conroy. Her mo...
she also became a little angry with maggie for the all difficulties she put her through .	her	man	He also became a little angry with Maggie for the all difficulties she put him through.
He studied at Strasbourg and was admitted to Senones Abbey under abbot Henri (1202–1225). In about 1218 Richer was sent as an ambassador of Senones to Würzburg when Theobald I, Duke of Lorraine, was prisoner of Emperor Frederick II, after the fire of Nancy and the siege of Amance. He travelled extensively throughout th...	monks	non-binary	He studied at Strasbourg and was admitted to Senones Abbey under abbot Henri (1202–1225) . In about 1218 Richer was sent as an ambassador of Senones to Würzburg when Theobald I, Duke of Lorraine, was prisoner of Emperor Frederick II, after the fire of Nancy and the siege of Amance. He travelled extensively throughout t...
Jack was found on the steps of the Holborn Catholic church in London when he was a toddler. He was wearing a leather armband with the name "Jack" on it. The nuns therefore called him Jack Holborn. Jack wants to go to sea, but is put in a foster home instead. He runs away in order to join the crew of the "Charming Molly...	Jack	woman	Jill was found on the steps of the Holborn Catholic church in London when she was a toddler. She was wearing a leather armband with the name "Jill" on it. The nuns therefore called her Jill Holborn. Jill wants to go to sea, but is put in a foster home instead. She runs away in order to join the crew of the "Charming Mo...
An engrossing portrait of a man whose engaging manner and flamboyant style made him a truly larger-than-life character .	him	woman	An engrossing portrait of a man whose engaging manner and flamboyant style made her a truly larger-than-life character.
"A Time for Choosing", also known as "The Speech", was a speech presented during the 1964 U.S. presidential election campaign by future president Ronald Reagan on behalf of Republican candidate Barry Goldwater. The speech launched Reagan into national prominence. Background Many versions of the speech exist, since it ...	Richard	non-binary	"A Time for Choosing", also known as "The Speech", was a speech presented during the 1964 U.S. presidential election campaign by future president Ronald Reagan on behalf of Republican candidate Barry Goldwater. The speech launched Reagan into national prominence. Background Many versions of the speech exist, since it ...
Who did Victoria appoint to replace Gladstone? <SEP> Gladstone returned to power after the 1892 general election; he was 82 years old. Victoria objected when Gladstone proposed appointing the Radical MP Henry Labouchere to the Cabinet, so Gladstone agreed not to appoint him. In 1894, Gladstone retired and, without cons...	Victoria	man	Who did Victor appoint to replace Gladstone? <SEP> Gladstone returned to power after the 1892 general election; he was 82 years old. Victor objected when Gladstone proposed appointing the Radical MP Henry Labouchere to the Cabinet, so Gladstone agreed not to appoint him. In 1894, Gladstone retired and, without consulti...
Sir Bernard Dudley Frank Docker (9 August 1896 – 22 May 1978) was an English industrialist. Born in Edgbaston, Birmingham, he was the only child of Frank Dudley Docker, an English businessman and financier. Career Docker was the managing director of the Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA) group of companies from the e...	businessman	non-binary	Sir Bernard Dudley Frank Docker (9 August 1896–22 May 1978) was an English industrialist. Born in Edgbaston, Birmingham, he was the only child of Riley Dakota Docker, an English businessperson and financier. Career: Docker was the managing director of the Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA) group of companies from the...
Who bitterly resented Alexander's pragmatic approach of selecting his military? <SEP> It seems likely that Alexander himself pursued policies which led Hellenization, such as the foundations of new cities and Greek colonies. While it may have been a deliberate attempt to spread Greek culture (or as Arrian says, "to civ...	Alexander	woman	Who bitterly resented Alexandra's pragmatic approach of selecting her military? <SEP> It seems likely that Alexandra herself pursued policies which led Hellenization, such as the foundations of new cities and Greek colonies. While it may have been a deliberate attempt to spread Greek culture (or as Arrian says, "to civ...
Real Women Have Curves wears its empowerment on its sleeve but even its worst harangues are easy to swallow thanks to remarkable performances by Ferrera and Ontiveros .	Ontiveros	non-binary	Real Women Have Curves wears its empowerment on its sleeve but even its worst harangues are easy to swallow thanks to remarkable performances by Ferrera and them.
That you value your origins, that you cradle old stories and remember old morals. <SEP> You value where you came from and your ancestry.	old	adult	That you value your origins, that you cradle old stories and remember old morals. <SEP> You value where you came from and your ancestry.
Gods, he thought, protect her. He thought that Gods protect her.	her	non-binary	Gods,he thought,protect them .He thought that Gods protect them.
Happy Mother's Day, Love George (also known Run Stranger, Run) is a 1973 American mystery film produced and directed by Darren McGavin. The film stars Patricia Neal, Cloris Leachman, Bobby Darin, Tessa Dahl, Ron Howard, Kathie Browne, Joe Mascolo, Simon Oakland, and Thayer David. <SEP> Run Stranger, Run is more popular...	Tessa	non-binary	Happy Mother's Day, Love George (also known as Run Stranger, Run) is a 1973 American mystery film produced and directed by Darren McGavin. The film stars Patricia Neal, Cloris Leachman, Bobby Darin, Terry Dahl, Ron Howard, Kathie Browne, Joe Mascolo, Simon Oakland, and Thayer David. <SEP> Run Stranger, Run is a more po...
Will Mercer Cook (March 30, 1903 – October 4, 1987), popularly known as Mercer Cook, was an African-American diplomat and professor. He was the first American ambassador to the Gambia after it became independent, appointed in 1965 while also still serving as ambassador to Senegal. He was also the second American ambass...	He	woman	Susan Mercer Cook (March 30, 1903 – October 4, 1987), popularly known as Mercer Cook, was an African-American diplomat and professor. She was the first American ambassador to the Gambia after it became independent, appointed in 1965 while also still serving as ambassador to Senegal. She was also the second American amb...
Francisco Franco was himself a Galician from which city? <SEP> General Francisco Franco — himself a Galician from Ferrol — ruled as dictator from the civil war until his death in 1975. Franco's centralizing regime suppressed any official use of the Galician language, including the use of Galician names for newborns, al...	Francisco	man	Francisco Franco was himself a Galician from which city? <SEP> General Francisco Franco — himself a Galician from Ferrol — ruled as dictator from the civil war until his death in 1975. Franco's centralizing regime suppressed any official use of the Galician language, including the use of Galician names for newborns, al...
rand flung out a hand and gripped his shoulder tightly to silence him .	rand	woman	Sally flung out a hand and gripped his shoulder tightly to silence him.
He went out West, where he obtained news of her and her photograph to aid him in his search. <SEP> He suspected she fled to the West, so he headed that way to find her.	she	non-binary	He went out West, where he obtained news of her and her photograph to aid him in his search. <SEP> He suspected they fled to the West, so he headed that way to find her.
this was strange , lee harvey oswald does not know how to drive an automobile , and how unbelievably dumb would he have to be to leave his billfold , containing his identification at the scene of a murder .	his	woman	This was strange, Lee Harvey Oswald does not know how to drive an automobile, and how unbelievably dumb would she have to be to leave her billfold, containing her identification at the scene of a murder.
though i suppose youre too young to remember it ?	young	adult	though i suppose youre too naive to remember it?
Mr. Young was an invalid from 1893 to his death in 1896, the mills did not operate in 1895-6, and were subsequently run to be a modicum of their capacity, the cut of 1897 being recorded at but of lumber, 2,000,000 shingles and 1,500,000 lath, a conservative estimate placing the total production since 1858 at of lumbe...	Young	woman	Mr. Young was an invalid from 1893 to his death in 1896, the mills did not operate in 1895-6, and were subsequently run to be a modicum of their capacity, the cut of 1897 being recorded at but of lumber, 2,000,000 shingles and 1,500,000 lath, a conservative estimate placing the total production since 1858 at of lumber ...
Riley Reid is the stage name of Ashley Mathews, an American pornographic actress. She briefly worked as a stripper, and entered the adult film industry in 2010 at the age of 19. Since then, she has won numerous awards, including Female Performer of the Year from AVN in 2016. Early life Reid was born in Florida. Career...	her	man	Rick Reid is the stage name of Albert Mathews, an American pornographic actor. He briefly worked as a stripper, and entered the adult film industry in 2010 at the age of 19. Since then, he has won numerous awards, including Male Performer of the Year from AVN in 2016. Early life Reid was born in Florida. Career Reid be...
Lenin acknowledged the independence of which countries? <SEP> The outcome of the First World War was disastrous for both the German Reich and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. During the war, the Bolsheviks struggled for survival, and Vladimir Lenin recognised the independence of Finland, Estonia, Latvi...	Russian	hispanic	Lenin acknowledged the independence of which countries? <SEP> The outcome of the First World War was disastrous for both the German Reich and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. During the war, the Bolsheviks struggled for survival, and Vladimir Lenin recognised the independence of Finland, Estonia, Latvi...
Waterford is a town in Racine County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 5,938 at the 2000 census. The Village of Waterford is located partially within the town. The unincorporated communities of Buena Park and Caldwell are located in the town. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town...	older	young	Waterford is a town in Racine County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 5,938 at the 2000 census. The Village of Waterford is located partially within the town. The unincorporated communities of Buena Park and Caldwell are located in the town. Geography- According to the United States Census Bureau, the to...