id stringlengths 1 5 | text stringlengths 472 972 | title stringclasses 280
values | embeddings listlengths 768 768 |
|---|---|---|---|
201 | illustrate Karpov's dominance over his peers as champion, his score was +11−2=20 versus Spassky, +5=12 versus Robert Hübner, +6−1=16 versus Ulf Andersson, +3−1=10 versus Vasily Smyslov, +1=16 versus Mikhail Tal, +10−2=13 versus Ljubojević. Karpov had cemented his position as the world's best player and world champion b... | "Anatoly Karpov" | [
-0.6729284524917603,
-0.0036109641660004854,
0.6184288263320923,
-0.5459122657775879,
-0.03643769398331642,
0.4137748181819916,
-0.11877810955047607,
-0.3728770315647125,
-0.3770030736923218,
-0.2869966924190521,
0.07435095310211182,
-0.37133800983428955,
-0.4623424708843231,
0.28788888454... |
202 | took Karpov until game 27 to gain his fifth win. In game 31, Karpov had a winning position but failed to take advantage and settled for a draw. He lost the next game, after which fourteen more draws ensued. In particular, Karpov held a solidly winning position in Game 41, but again blundered and had to settle for a dra... | "Anatoly Karpov" | [
-0.3633778691291809,
0.13953052461147308,
0.5781022310256958,
-0.3895268738269806,
0.026599381119012833,
0.2176232635974884,
0.07258540391921997,
-0.12370460480451584,
-0.17943839728832245,
-0.46680474281311035,
0.006479401141405106,
-0.2451876848936081,
-0.6545431613922119,
0.201760321855... |
203 | A rematch was set for later in 1985, also in Moscow. The events of the so-called Marathon Match forced FIDE to return to the previous format, with a match limited to 24 games (with Karpov remaining champion if the match should finish 12–12). Karpov needed to win the final game to draw the match and retain his title, bu... | "Anatoly Karpov" | [
-0.5222079753875732,
0.031692519783973694,
0.5349186062812805,
-0.514825165271759,
-0.10733099281787872,
0.39375683665275574,
0.12838856875896454,
-0.16047219932079315,
-0.3537032902240753,
-0.35051313042640686,
0.15728186070919037,
-0.2466421127319336,
-0.7241187691688538,
0.4650636315345... |
204 | championship matches in 1986 (held in London and Leningrad), 1987 (held in Seville), and 1990 (held in New York City and Lyon). All three matches were extremely close: the scores were 11½–12½ (+4−5=15), 12–12 (+4−4=16), and 11½–12½ (+3−4=17). In all three matches, Karpov had winning chances up to the very last games. I... | "Anatoly Karpov" | [
-0.48537564277648926,
-0.014876961708068848,
0.4660290479660034,
-0.4473502039909363,
-0.05808709189295769,
0.44368359446525574,
0.03807298466563225,
-0.13792045414447784,
-0.30978360772132874,
-0.3422081470489502,
0.40141040086746216,
-0.28119245171546936,
-0.4576984643936157,
0.244150817... |
205 | to an almost forced draw, and allowed Kasparov to adjourn the game with an extra pawn. After a further mistake in the second session, Karpov was slowly ground down and resigned on move 64, ending the match and allowing Kasparov to keep the title. In their five world championship matches, Karpov scored 19 wins, 21 losse... | "Anatoly Karpov" | [
-0.5621393918991089,
0.26492199301719666,
0.522571325302124,
-0.631135880947113,
0.020321836695075035,
0.4297116994857788,
0.11459742486476898,
-0.21800857782363892,
-0.4974142014980316,
-0.33000826835632324,
0.059291522949934006,
-0.26615798473358154,
-0.4568997919559479,
0.45751672983169... |
206 | against Nigel Short. But in 1993, Karpov reacquired the FIDE World Champion title when Kasparov and Short split from FIDE. Karpov defeated Timman – the loser of the Candidates' final against Short. The next major meeting of Kasparov and Karpov was the 1994 Linares chess tournament. The field, in eventual finishing orde... | "Anatoly Karpov" | [
-0.4980841875076294,
0.15291860699653625,
0.42487582564353943,
-0.4680662751197815,
-0.24271541833877563,
0.4410817325115204,
0.022054089233279228,
-0.14435341954231262,
-0.332740843296051,
-0.1369059681892395,
0.12480566650629044,
-0.35819369554519653,
-0.45766785740852356,
0.222668960690... |
207 | could rightly be called the world champion of tournaments. Perhaps spurred on by this comment, Karpov played the best tournament of his life. He was undefeated and earned 11 points out of 13 possible (the best world-class tournament winning percentage since Alekhine won San Remo in 1930), finishing 2½ points ahead of s... | "Anatoly Karpov" | [
-0.6266189813613892,
0.059755727648735046,
0.27423518896102905,
-0.484814316034317,
-0.21401163935661316,
0.20341365039348602,
0.09110759198665619,
-0.3367723822593689,
-0.572605311870575,
-0.4557843804359436,
0.11538829654455185,
-0.23751398921012878,
-0.28358834981918335,
0.2730406522750... |
208 | in history up until 2009, when Magnus Carlsen won the category XXI Pearl Spring chess tournament with a performance of 3002. However, chess statistician Jeff Sonas considered Karpov's Linares performance to be the best tournament result in history. Karpov defended his FIDE title against Gata Kamsky (+6−3=9) in 1996. Ho... | "Anatoly Karpov" | [
-0.6591928601264954,
-0.105903759598732,
0.22634683549404144,
-0.6206924319267273,
-0.26464763283729553,
0.3297629654407501,
0.33486926555633545,
-0.26226285099983215,
-0.4882062077522278,
-0.10290472209453583,
0.04104291647672653,
-0.5718501806259155,
-0.5033969283103943,
0.37741667032241... |
209 | seeded straight into the final, defeating Viswanathan Anand (+2−2=2, rapid tiebreak 2–0). In the subsequent cycle, the format was changed, with the champion having to qualify. Karpov refused to defend his title, and ceased to be FIDE World Champion after the FIDE World Chess Championship 1999. Karpov's outstanding clas... | "Anatoly Karpov" | [
-0.566436231136322,
0.03669320419430733,
0.20858892798423767,
-0.5119622945785522,
-0.06223836541175842,
0.24799290299415588,
0.27810347080230713,
-0.27310317754745483,
-0.2648295760154724,
-0.16180790960788727,
-0.13980388641357422,
-0.4842745065689087,
-0.721618115901947,
0.3224240839481... |
210 | addition, he had been involved in several disputes with FIDE and became increasingly disillusioned with chess. In the September 2009 FIDE rating list, he dropped out of the world's Top 100 for the first time. Karpov usually limits his play to exhibition events, and has revamped his style to specialize in rapid chess. I... | "Anatoly Karpov" | [
-0.5835132598876953,
0.07360187917947769,
0.3386564254760742,
-0.6475344300270081,
-0.010559262707829475,
0.38889122009277344,
0.27155613899230957,
-0.2897423803806305,
-0.3103870451450348,
-0.2846178710460663,
-0.04771437123417854,
-0.39217761158943176,
-0.5846760869026184,
0.086896121501... |
211 | 2009, in Valencia, Spain. It consisted of four rapid (or semi rapid) and eight blitz games and took place exactly 25 years after the two players' legendary encounter at the World Chess Championship 1984. Kasparov won the match 9–3. Karpov played a match against Yasser Seirawan in 2012 in St. Louis, Missouri, an importa... | "Anatoly Karpov" | [
-0.7212964296340942,
-0.03609708696603775,
0.4998302161693573,
-0.4818069338798523,
-0.11015603691339493,
0.7313098907470703,
0.0691308081150055,
-0.173376202583313,
-0.40282097458839417,
-0.45041733980178833,
-0.12706035375595093,
-0.810924232006073,
-0.616915762424469,
0.1829676628112793... |
212 | the final. Since 2005, he has been a member of the Public Chamber of Russia. He has recently involved himself in several humanitarian causes, such as advocating the use of iodised salt. On December 17, 2012, Karpov supported the law in the Russian Parliament banning adoption of Russian orphans by citizens of the US. Ka... | "Anatoly Karpov" | [
-0.0466872937977314,
0.3434423804283142,
0.30931800603866577,
-0.185807004570961,
-0.19260737299919128,
0.7214585542678833,
0.1977960467338562,
-0.33194199204444885,
0.18820002675056458,
-0.15225794911384583,
-0.11449675261974335,
-0.3177390694618225,
-0.7242341637611389,
0.149140149354934... |
213 | Chess Olympiad. In May a fund-raising event took place in New York with the participation of his former rival Garry Kasparov and of Magnus Carlsen, both of whom supported his bid and campaigned for him. Also Nigel Short announced he supported Karpov's candidacy. However, on September 29, 2010, Kirsan Ilyumzhinov was re... | "Anatoly Karpov" | [
-0.5419034957885742,
0.04657755419611931,
0.37197768688201904,
-0.3453138470649719,
-0.01029213797301054,
0.21674244105815887,
-0.09464091062545776,
-0.04883478954434395,
-0.2876357138156891,
-0.134329155087471,
-0.25466835498809814,
-0.5163864493370056,
-0.7527627348899841,
0.082462258636... |
214 | Capablanca, the third World Champion. Karpov himself describes his style as follows:Let us say the game may be continued in two ways: one of them is a beautiful tactical blow that gives rise to variations that don't yield to precise calculations; the other is clear positional pressure that leads to an endgame with micr... | "Anatoly Karpov" | [
-0.16735585033893585,
0.09609425067901611,
-0.19539512693881989,
-0.5282102823257446,
-0.10883423686027527,
0.18453927338123322,
0.2447805404663086,
-0.18825691938400269,
-0.4285823702812195,
-0.3041405975818634,
-0.029283983632922173,
-0.013209485448896885,
-0.28253263235092163,
0.1185920... |
215 | ruthless logic. Karpov's extensive stamp collection of Belgian philately and Belgian Congo stamps and postal history covering mail from 1742 through 1980 was sold by David Feldman's auction company between December 2011 and 2012. He is also known to have a large chess stamp and chess book collections. His private chess... | "Anatoly Karpov" | [
-0.37000980973243713,
0.20490318536758423,
-0.07423009723424911,
-0.4034833312034607,
-0.16260671615600586,
0.7667058110237122,
0.6015135049819946,
-0.0983070582151413,
-0.3989197313785553,
-0.032438911497592926,
-0.20468518137931824,
-0.010266613215208054,
-0.8195191621780396,
0.107884034... |
216 | Aspect ratio The aspect ratio of a geometric shape is the ratio of its sizes in different dimensions. For example, the aspect ratio of a rectangle is the ratio of its longer side to its shorter sidethe ratio of width to height, when the rectangle is oriented as a "landscape". The aspect ratio is most often expressed as... | "Aspect ratio" | [
0.1317189484834671,
-0.08371474593877792,
0.3585108816623688,
0.05528353899717331,
-0.34271329641342163,
0.532857358455658,
-0.07694579660892487,
0.012463063932955265,
-0.18669843673706055,
-0.8619964718818665,
-0.18575724959373474,
0.37709495425224304,
0.18180756270885468,
0.5342605113983... |
217 | and 1.6 are all ways of representing the same aspect ratio. In objects of more than two dimensions, such as hyperrectangles, the aspect ratio can still be defined as the ratio of the longest side to the shortest side. The term is most commonly used with reference to: For a rectangle, the aspect ratio denotes the ratio ... | "Aspect ratio" | [
-0.20997783541679382,
-0.29600444436073303,
0.46941033005714417,
0.09057553112506866,
-0.5540103912353516,
0.26176080107688904,
-0.2528243362903595,
0.0971168726682663,
-0.4463869035243988,
-0.8135474324226379,
-0.3060925602912903,
0.24270622432231903,
0.0003463503671810031,
0.443426430225... |
218 | of 1:1 is a circle. In geometry, there are several alternative definitions to aspect ratios of general compact sets in a d-dimensional space: If the dimension d is fixed, then all reasonable definitions of aspect ratio are equivalent to within constant factors. Aspect ratios are mathematically expressed as "x":"y" (pro... | "Aspect ratio" | [
0.38001009821891785,
-0.08321111649274826,
0.4673457145690918,
0.2001189887523651,
-0.28723883628845215,
0.3256083130836487,
-0.29394251108169556,
-0.09558939188718796,
-0.1187688335776329,
-0.6047108173370361,
-0.19980381429195404,
0.6943573951721191,
0.0352410189807415,
0.471147984266281... |
219 | image as displayed) and the "storage" aspect ratio (the ratio of pixel dimensions); see Distinctions. Aspect ratio The aspect ratio of a geometric shape is the ratio of its sizes in different dimensions. For example, the aspect ratio of a rectangle is the ratio of its longer side to its shorter sidethe ratio of width t... | "Aspect ratio" | [
0.1789538860321045,
-0.1266966611146927,
0.44571393728256226,
0.15699481964111328,
-0.3289222717285156,
0.39507627487182617,
-0.2420462965965271,
-0.06964422017335892,
-0.08559392392635345,
-0.9151393175125122,
-0.09452899545431137,
0.46941643953323364,
0.08688349276781082,
0.4632112383842... |
220 | Auto racing Auto racing (also known as car racing, motor racing, or automobile racing) is a motorsport involving the racing of automobiles for competition. Auto racing has existed since the invention of the automobile. Races of various sorts were organised, with the first recorded as early as 1867. Many of the earliest... | "Auto racing" | [
0.4937063157558441,
0.24640122056007385,
-0.059731170535087585,
0.1380484253168106,
-0.2622399926185608,
0.24413320422172546,
-0.13254870474338531,
0.417511522769928,
-0.17111456394195557,
0.14931367337703705,
0.21869570016860962,
0.8848334550857544,
-0.19153422117233276,
0.223393246531486... |
221 | and regulations. The first prearranged match race of two self-powered road vehicles over a prescribed route occurred at 4:30 A.M. on August 30, 1867, between Ashton-under-Lyne and Old Trafford, a distance of eight miles. It was won by the carriage of Isaac Watt Boulton. Internal combustion auto racing events began soon... | "Auto racing" | [
0.20103570818901062,
0.1404009908437729,
0.16503721475601196,
0.25155600905418396,
-0.27388879656791687,
0.22121794521808624,
0.12793217599391937,
-0.042252201586961746,
0.0966615304350853,
-0.03870176151394844,
0.4407956004142761,
0.8978277444839478,
-0.04419252276420593,
0.19388297200202... |
222 | organized what is considered to be the world's first motoring competition, from Paris to Rouen. One hundred and two competitors paid a 10-franc entrance fee. The first American automobile race is generally held to be the Thanksgiving Day "Chicago Times-Herald" race of November 28, 1895. Press coverage of the event firs... | "Auto racing" | [
0.2567586898803711,
0.09137248992919922,
-0.06919389963150024,
0.2927793562412262,
-0.19898031651973724,
0.16137878596782684,
-0.002149591688066721,
0.43190842866897583,
-0.0903012752532959,
-0.05672565475106239,
0.41643187403678894,
0.708448052406311,
-0.19844289124011993,
0.4280236363410... |
223 | purpose-built motor racing venue, opening in June 1907. It featured a concrete track with high-speed banked corners. One of the oldest existing purpose-built automobile racing circuits in the United States, still in use, is the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana. It is the largest capacity sports venue of... | "Auto racing" | [
0.5032041668891907,
0.11082151532173157,
-0.10091053694486618,
0.27254000306129456,
0.05717255920171738,
0.1124495267868042,
-0.22515319287776947,
0.33934682607650757,
-0.18417486548423767,
-0.0070740641094744205,
0.5612137317657471,
0.900888979434967,
-0.31817057728767395,
0.6144217848777... |
224 | 1962, sports cars temporarily took a back seat to GT cars, with the FIA replacing the World Championship for Sports Cars with the International Championship for GT Manufacturers. From 1972 through 2003, NASCAR's premier series was called the Winston Cup Series, sponsored by R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company cigarette bran... | "Auto racing" | [
0.07645735889673233,
0.32347384095191956,
0.002718245144933462,
0.19309042394161224,
-0.11111493408679962,
0.03622329980134964,
0.07872148603200912,
0.37744757533073425,
-0.21741344034671783,
0.13755418360233307,
0.23154723644256592,
0.8349478840827942,
-0.3166641891002655,
0.4440777599811... |
225 | The European races eventually became the closely related Le Mans Series, both of which mix prototypes and GTs. Turismo Carretera (Road racing, lit., Road Touring) is a popular touring car racing series in Argentina, and the oldest car racing series still active in the world. The first TC competition took place in 1937 ... | "Auto racing" | [
0.4066849648952484,
0.35379770398139954,
0.3759153187274933,
0.4296968877315521,
-0.07551420480012894,
0.06977296620607376,
-0.13333365321159363,
0.18906933069229126,
-0.17546455562114716,
0.3345930874347687,
0.681634783744812,
0.7063758969306946,
-0.14067034423351288,
0.5641729831695557,
... |
226 | popular varieties of open wheel road racing are Formula One and the IndyCar Series. Formula One is a European-based series that runs only street circuit and race tracks. These cars are heavily based around technology and their aerodynamics. With the highest speed record set in 2005 by Juan Pablo Montoya hitting 373 kph... | "Auto racing" | [
0.3673533797264099,
0.3301869034767151,
0.17575208842754364,
0.31988099217414856,
-0.28161826729774475,
0.2652285695075989,
-0.0035929756704717875,
0.34578168392181396,
-0.2081402987241745,
0.14982964098453522,
0.14545655250549316,
0.7687498927116394,
-0.19717976450920105,
0.17216230928897... |
227 | often have aerofoil wings front and rear to produce downforce and enhance adhesion to the track. In Europe and Asia, open-wheeled racing is commonly referred to as 'Formula', with appropriate hierarchical suffixes. In North America, the 'Formula' terminology is not followed (with the exception of F1). The sport is usua... | "Auto racing" | [
0.5167325139045715,
0.07417666167020798,
0.194256991147995,
0.3477219045162201,
-0.2334471493959427,
-0.13222786784172058,
0.01737857609987259,
0.5012010931968689,
-0.21638628840446472,
0.04275721311569214,
-0.026432810351252556,
0.7704495787620544,
-0.15276150405406952,
0.1223801523447036... |
228 | commonly known as the IndyCar Series and previously known as CART. The cars have traditionally been similar though less technologically sophisticated than F1 cars, with more restrictions on technology aimed at controlling costs. While these cars are not as technologically advanced, they are faster, mainly because they ... | "Auto racing" | [
0.24419879913330078,
0.10307390242815018,
0.07797898352146149,
0.42241430282592773,
-0.21292918920516968,
-0.02903638407588005,
0.06805948913097382,
0.6215433478355408,
-0.38215118646621704,
-0.16138122975826263,
0.1698981374502182,
0.8678414821624756,
-0.2692965865135193,
0.24273644387722... |
229 | (350,000+). The other major international single-seater racing series is Formula 2 (formerly known as Formula 3000 and GP2 Series). Regional series include Formula Nippon and Formula V6 Asia (specifically in Asia), Formula Renault 3.5 (also known as the World Series by Renault, succession series of World Series by Niss... | "Auto racing" | [
0.4701356589794159,
0.2625868320465088,
0.24800273776054382,
0.27337485551834106,
-0.30240267515182495,
0.28998512029647827,
-0.023885488510131836,
0.3493150770664215,
-0.24849140644073486,
0.03759733960032463,
0.0980171263217926,
0.8085634112358093,
-0.22504010796546936,
0.220127701759338... |
230 | drivers. There exist many amateur racing clubs. In the UK, the major club series are the Monoposto Racing Club, BRSCC F3 (Formerly ClubF3, formerly ARP F3), Formula Vee and Club Formula Ford. Each series caters for a section of the market, with some primarily providing low-cost racing, while others aim for an authentic... | "Auto racing" | [
0.676143229007721,
0.1776217222213745,
0.18844589591026306,
0.207973912358284,
-0.16682882606983185,
0.05467977747321129,
-0.11700697243213654,
0.2561357617378235,
-0.3290547728538513,
0.13978946208953857,
-0.016241392120718956,
0.9091514945030212,
-0.10933618247509003,
-0.0255236960947513... |
231 | first open-wheel category for up-and-coming drivers stepping up from karts. The series is still the preferred option, as it has introduced an aero package and slicks, allowing the junior drivers to gain experience in a race car with dynamics closer F1. The Star Mazda Series is another entry-level series. Students at co... | "Auto racing" | [
0.49285367131233215,
0.009588202461600304,
0.2117004543542862,
0.4179106652736664,
-0.16647405922412872,
-0.03658410534262657,
0.10053583979606628,
0.29773086309432983,
-0.21996848285198212,
0.004093175288289785,
0.017916124314069748,
0.6780012249946594,
0.19217519462108612,
0.111365832388... |
232 | first all-female Formula racing team was created in 2006. The group was an assemblage of drivers from different racing disciplines and formed for an MTV reality pilot, which was shot at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca. In December 2005, the FIA gave approval to Superleague Formula racing, which debuted in 2008, whereby the r... | "Auto racing" | [
0.34204038977622986,
-0.062320221215486526,
0.05749683454632759,
0.0413515530526638,
-0.06118234246969223,
0.3732033669948578,
0.14288261532783508,
-0.05012113228440285,
-0.2799541652202606,
0.34230929613113403,
0.18768054246902466,
1.0538957118988037,
-0.17636077105998993,
-0.116620004177... |
233 | officially registered as the FIA Formula Two championship. Most rounds have two races and are support races to the FIA World Touring Car Championship. Touring car racing is a style of road racing that is run with production-derived race cars. It often features full-contact racing due to the small speed differentials an... | "Auto racing" | [
0.5807289481163025,
0.169903963804245,
0.1678340584039688,
0.30127543210983276,
-0.16110765933990479,
0.021247180178761482,
0.28319329023361206,
0.08926394581794739,
-0.2966458201408386,
0.10882101207971573,
0.03814088553190231,
0.8594774603843689,
-0.0975613072514534,
0.1714160144329071,
... |
234 | championships. The Sports Car Club of America's SPEED World Challenge Touring Car and GT championships are dominant in North America. America's historic Trans-Am Series is undergoing a period of transition, but is still the longest-running road racing series in the U.S. The National Auto Sport Association also provides... | "Auto racing" | [
0.31066712737083435,
0.24274282157421112,
-0.0912311002612114,
0.4754861295223236,
-0.1340632140636444,
-0.09660334885120392,
0.3454422950744629,
0.23796939849853516,
-0.35079365968704224,
-0.09957511723041534,
-0.034255608916282654,
0.8123617172241211,
0.011877997778356075,
0.359342485666... |
235 | FIA World Endurance Championship. The main series for GT car racing is the FIA GT1 World Championship. There is also the FIA GT3 European Championship as well as the less powerful GT4 European Cup. Previously, an intermediate FIA GT2 European Championship existed, but the FIA dropped it to cut costs. Other major GT cha... | "Auto racing" | [
0.38721057772636414,
0.2611770033836365,
-0.003259963821619749,
0.3350846767425537,
-0.3037123680114746,
0.16225963830947876,
0.15125927329063416,
0.23074403405189514,
-0.24577753245830536,
0.08474276214838028,
0.1044277772307396,
0.7578365802764893,
-0.3621196150779724,
0.0302596949040889... |
236 | a base. They are closed-wheel and often closed-cockpit purpose-built race cars intended mainly for endurance racing. They have much lower weight and more down force compared to GT cars, making them much faster. They are raced in the 24 hours of Le Mans (held annually since 1923) and in the (European) Le Mans series, As... | "Auto racing" | [
0.39735111594200134,
0.3846149146556854,
-0.0961327999830246,
0.24373874068260193,
-0.15459690988063812,
0.26732292771339417,
-0.053815461695194244,
0.12602810561656952,
-0.3602283000946045,
0.02361062727868557,
0.2027776688337326,
0.8130970597267151,
-0.2847723960876465,
0.031758714467287... |
237 | in addition to Le Mans Prototypes; these cars have different restrictions than the FIA GT cars. Another prototype and GT racing championship exists in the United States; the Grand-Am, which began in 2000, sanctions its own endurance series, the Rolex Sports Car Series, which consists of slower and lower-cost race cars ... | "Auto racing" | [
0.38118863105773926,
0.26424941420555115,
-0.004257334396243095,
0.479318231344223,
-0.1278468817472458,
0.10125856846570969,
0.17892925441265106,
0.13981477916240692,
-0.2042924165725708,
0.1021624207496643,
0.21217334270477295,
0.7705888152122498,
-0.11038260906934738,
0.2172791510820388... |
238 | of two or more drivers, switching every few hours. Due to the performance difference between production-based sports cars and purpose-built sports prototypes, one race usually involves several racing classes, each fighting for their own championship. Famous sports car races include the 24 Hours of Le Mans, the Rolex 24... | "Auto racing" | [
0.5142990350723267,
0.2350224256515503,
-0.016212744638323784,
0.3139759600162506,
-0.14419904351234436,
0.06734621524810791,
0.30495113134384155,
0.11665745824575424,
-0.09693875908851624,
-0.02676641382277012,
-0.08886739611625671,
0.8307700753211975,
-0.27768033742904663,
0.106819435954... |
239 | cars with a mixture of professional and pro-am drivers. Production-car racing, otherwise known as "showroom stock" in the US, is an economical and rules-restricted version of touring-car racing, mainly used to restrict costs. Numerous production racing categories are based on particular makes of cars. Most series follo... | "Auto racing" | [
0.6229473352432251,
0.10922148078680038,
-0.11908138543367386,
0.2552894055843353,
-0.14578430354595184,
0.16786059737205505,
0.06557151675224304,
0.15389344096183777,
-0.0688740685582161,
0.24391473829746246,
0.06922223418951035,
0.8465213179588318,
-0.1173003688454628,
0.1249810755252838... |
240 | manufacturer or even a single model from a manufacturer's range. There are numerous notable one-make formulae from various countries and regions, some of which – such as the Porsche Supercup and, previously, IROC – have fostered many distinct national championships. Single marque series are often found at club level, t... | "Auto racing" | [
0.53010493516922,
0.0692133828997612,
0.005051460582762957,
0.2574003040790558,
-0.10200738161802292,
0.14784905314445496,
0.16544221341609955,
0.2019578516483307,
-0.1898619830608368,
0.1480405032634735,
-0.09165164083242416,
0.8082195520401001,
-0.15712642669677734,
0.06194072216749191,
... |
241 | single seater formulae, such as Formula Renault and Formula BMW, usually as "feeder" series for "senior" race formula (in the fashion of farm teams). In North America, stock car racing is the most popular form of auto racing. Primarily raced on oval tracks, stock cars vaguely resemble production cars, but are in fact p... | "Auto racing" | [
0.7624710202217102,
0.18009424209594727,
-0.0833674743771553,
0.4819192886352539,
-0.07681772857904434,
0.03876657411456108,
-0.09003450721502304,
0.5492916703224182,
-0.2800113260746002,
-0.0576450489461422,
0.1010936051607132,
0.8074609041213989,
-0.2702755928039551,
0.3094727098941803,
... |
242 | races being the Daytona 500, the Southern 500, the Coca-Cola 600, and the Brickyard 400. NASCAR also runs several feeder series, including the Xfinity Series and Camping World Truck Series (a pickup truck racing series). The series conduct races across the entire continental United States. The NASCAR Pinty's Series con... | "Auto racing" | [
0.5888725519180298,
0.27485981583595276,
0.0880289301276207,
0.47821488976478577,
0.015489831566810608,
0.010029277764260769,
0.1638520061969757,
0.2903691530227661,
-0.09002889692783356,
0.2404041588306427,
0.2069801241159439,
0.712407648563385,
-0.14628469944000244,
0.47630026936531067,
... |
243 | A number of modified cars display a "manufacturer's" logo and "vehicle name", yet use components produced by another automobile manufacturer. There are also other stock car governing bodies, most notably the Automobile Racing Club of America (ARCA). In the UK, British Stock car racing is also referred to as "Short Circ... | "Auto racing" | [
0.9005188941955566,
0.12954556941986084,
-0.09357758611440659,
0.10408130288124084,
0.11056897044181824,
0.04531305655837059,
0.004423603415489197,
0.35019969940185547,
0.12691302597522736,
0.2907648980617523,
-0.010503540746867657,
0.8486732244491577,
0.14940568804740906,
0.30578908324241... |
244 | 7000 active drivers. The sport is split into three basic divisions – distinguished by the rules regarding car contact during racing. The most famous championship is the BriSCA F1 Stock Cars. Full-contact formulas include Bangers, Bombers and Rookie Bangers – and racing features Demolitions Derbies, Figure of Eight raci... | "Auto racing" | [
0.5434644818305969,
0.1914786994457245,
0.04030580073595047,
-0.09500367939472198,
-0.1874198615550995,
0.12354982644319534,
-0.19025717675685883,
0.3330267071723938,
-0.16957958042621613,
0.3663974106311798,
0.027669792994856834,
0.9606428146362305,
-0.05507899075746536,
-0.12023060768842... |
245 | championship levels involves two classes of homologated road-legal production-based cars; Group N production cars and more modified Group A cars. Cars compete on closed public roads or off-road areas on a point-to-point format where participants and their co-drivers "rally" to a set of points, leaving in regular interv... | "Auto racing" | [
0.19090071320533752,
0.22266213595867157,
0.1008969396352768,
0.36036229133605957,
0.1064852848649025,
-0.11693745106458664,
0.15129990875720978,
0.21580809354782104,
-0.019133606925606728,
0.20461201667785645,
-0.05081993341445923,
0.7327432036399841,
0.33381620049476624,
-0.1617226004600... |
246 | the co-driver reads the pace notes aloud (using an in-helmet intercom system) to the driver, enabling them to complete each stage as quickly as possible. Competition is based on lowest total elapsed time over the course of an event's special stages, including penalties. The top series is the World Rally Championship (W... | "Auto racing" | [
0.21496321260929108,
0.2535938322544098,
0.31418028473854065,
0.058482199907302856,
-0.20233193039894104,
0.0004215275403112173,
0.135315403342247,
0.31275835633277893,
-0.408211350440979,
0.14184170961380005,
0.046383995562791824,
0.7930238246917725,
-0.06604154407978058,
-0.0433108732104... |
247 | in 1978. There are also many smaller, club level, categories of rallies, which are popular with amateurs, making up the "grass roots" of motor sports. Cars at this level may not comply fully with the requirements of group A or group N homologation. Other major rally events include the British Rally Championship, Interc... | "Auto racing" | [
0.32356053590774536,
0.3410893976688385,
0.2128777652978897,
0.15301311016082764,
-0.23976287245750427,
0.14958564937114716,
0.06606333702802658,
0.15139172971248627,
-0.3877599239349365,
0.335129976272583,
0.3555641174316406,
0.9083378314971924,
-0.02386915497481823,
0.3172193765640259,
... |
248 | of Sicily. The competition concept is drawn directly from the best features of the Mille Miglia, the Coupe des Alpes and the Tour de Corse. Similarly named events around the world include the Targa Newfoundland based in Canada, Targa West based in Western Australia, Targa New Zealand and other smaller events. In drag r... | "Auto racing" | [
0.3560311198234558,
0.004845636431127787,
0.2670701742172241,
0.2237694412469864,
-0.2744652330875397,
0.05424288660287857,
0.1706138402223587,
0.1294977217912674,
-0.1415325552225113,
0.01405833475291729,
0.05879542604088783,
0.7679696083068848,
0.07925821095705032,
-0.11294180899858475,
... |
249 | the same time, depending on the class of racing. Vehicles range from the everyday car to the purpose-built dragster. Speeds and elapsed time differ from class to class. Average street cars cover the ¼ mile in 12 to 16 seconds, whereas a top fuel dragster takes 4.5 seconds or less, reaching speeds of up to . Drag racing... | "Auto racing" | [
0.541603147983551,
0.17717739939689636,
0.15392547845840454,
0.36613720655441284,
-0.10456372797489166,
0.16495315730571747,
-0.01694593019783497,
0.032732803374528885,
0.058456551283597946,
-0.0419732891023159,
0.5059479475021362,
0.9007858633995056,
-0.07918291538953781,
0.09031428396701... |
250 | braking parachutes are deployed the deceleration is 4 g (39 m/s²), more than the Space Shuttle experiences. A top fuel car can be heard over away and can generate a reading from 1.5 to 3.9 on the Richter scale. Drag racing is two cars head-to-head, the winner proceeding to the next round. Professional classes are all f... | "Auto racing" | [
0.002549105556681752,
0.06008609011769295,
0.05230424925684929,
0.4687994122505188,
-0.0620114766061306,
-0.10910648852586746,
0.13408006727695465,
0.07609955221414566,
-0.26148080825805664,
-0.2622908055782318,
0.12720948457717896,
0.890753448009491,
-0.018942048773169518,
-0.313900351524... |
251 | rather than an index, they use a dial-in. In off-road racing, various classes of specially modified vehicles, including cars, compete in races through off-road environments. In North America these races often take place in the desert, such as the famous Baja 1000. Another format for off-road racing happens on closed-co... | "Auto racing" | [
0.5089287757873535,
0.12747818231582642,
-0.04929302632808685,
0.29232466220855713,
0.09462383389472961,
0.02302510105073452,
0.010501519776880741,
0.32457876205444336,
0.13879722356796265,
0.2466442584991455,
0.15715672075748444,
0.7187613844871521,
-0.06956623494625092,
0.114018335938453... |
252 | such as autocross or rallycross, while desert races and rally-raids such as the Paris-Dakar, Master Rallye or European "bajas" are called "cross-country rallies." The modern kart was invented by Art Ingels, a fabricator at the Indianapolis-car manufacturer Kurtis-Kraft, in Southern California in 1956. Ingels took a sma... | "Auto racing" | [
0.4227902591228485,
0.2462669014930725,
-0.006640713196247816,
0.3851761519908905,
0.10615884512662888,
0.048769108951091766,
-0.2250179499387741,
0.01857045665383339,
0.18942205607891083,
0.15700331330299377,
0.4043881595134735,
0.9236760139465332,
0.19264690577983856,
-0.0375124514102935... |
253 | the sport, kart racing, or karting, can be an economical way for amateurs to try racing and is also a fully fledged international sport in its own right. A large proportion of professional racing drivers began in karts, often from a very young age, such as Michael Schumacher and Fernando Alonso. Several former motorcyc... | "Auto racing" | [
0.33482545614242554,
0.3343621492385864,
-0.02838992513716221,
0.35701218247413635,
-0.10345593094825745,
0.0029073222540318966,
-0.052255094051361084,
0.2874232530593872,
0.19954873621463776,
0.2699958384037018,
-0.061475720256567,
0.7562912702560425,
-0.1191074326634407,
-0.1621158272027... |
254 | superkart, can have a power-to-weight ratio of 440 hp/tonne. As modern motor racing is centered on modern technology with a lots of corporate sponsors and politics involved, historical racing tends to be the opposite. Because it is based on a particular era it is more hobbyist oriented, reducing corporate sponsorship a... | "Auto racing" | [
0.32485708594322205,
0.07773254811763763,
0.08933550864458084,
0.44801512360572815,
-0.09852913022041321,
-0.16541647911071777,
0.06246764957904816,
0.2265041023492813,
-0.08450550585985184,
0.1116713359951973,
0.0632089152932167,
0.6927885413169861,
-0.020491071045398712,
0.21673265099525... |
255 | Goodwood Festival of Speed and Goodwood Revival in Britain and Monterey Historic in the United States. Championships range from "grass root" Austin Seven racing to the FIA Thoroughbred Grand Prix Championship for classic Formula One chassis. While there are several professional teams and drivers in historical racing, t... | "Auto racing" | [
0.6373661756515503,
0.18204016983509064,
-0.10309411585330963,
0.221349835395813,
-0.0320054329931736,
-0.005683673080056906,
0.11583659052848816,
0.4028337299823761,
-0.039325546473264694,
0.1613478809595108,
-0.07863825559616089,
0.908911943435669,
-0.1422162652015686,
0.1719813197851181... |
256 | While individual series have different rules, and the flags have changed from the first years (e.g., red used to start a race), these are generally accepted. The worst accident in racing history is the 1955 Le Mans disaster, where more than 80 people died, including the French driver Pierre Levegh. In auto racing, the ... | "Auto racing" | [
0.32376614212989807,
0.4141743779182434,
-0.14720767736434937,
0.09836304187774658,
-0.0748583972454071,
0.31638360023498535,
0.2742829918861389,
0.02813251130282879,
-0.13798928260803223,
-0.11399702727794647,
0.0954538956284523,
0.8597224950790405,
-0.374092161655426,
-0.1335422545671463... |
257 | Aerodynamic downforce improves the race car's handling by lowering the center of gravity and distributing the weight of the car equally on each tire. Once this is achieved, fuel consumption decreases and the forces against the car are significantly lowered. Many aerodynamic experiments are conducted in wind tunnels, to... | "Auto racing" | [
0.3393363058567047,
0.18437319993972778,
-0.02767287567257881,
0.4148094654083252,
-0.13922657072544098,
0.06097332015633583,
0.05293290317058563,
0.09148144721984863,
-0.14178800582885742,
-0.21839626133441925,
0.09434182941913605,
0.8503211736679077,
-0.05173255503177643,
-0.423927754163... |
258 | vehicle is positively adjusted. Wings and canards channel the airflow in the most efficient way to get the least amount of drag from the car. It is experimentally proven that downforce is gained and the vehicles handling is considerably changed when aerodynamic wings on the front and rear of the vehicle are installed. ... | "Auto racing" | [
0.319266676902771,
0.09479903429746628,
-0.05238968878984451,
0.2969026565551758,
-0.33026760816574097,
-0.09908407926559448,
0.110976442694664,
-0.00848726462572813,
-0.15929220616817474,
-0.210115447640419,
0.20624053478240967,
0.9947866201400757,
-0.08682479709386826,
-0.369334429502487... |
259 | tires on the road when driving on uneven terrain. It works in three different ways including vertically, longitudinally, and laterally to control movement when racing on various tracks. Tires called R-Compounds are commonly used in motorsports for high amounts of traction. The soft rubber allows them to expand when the... | "Auto racing" | [
0.3799523115158081,
0.15518002212047577,
-0.0007875041919760406,
0.32757824659347534,
-0.12997324764728546,
0.1747257113456726,
0.12612943351268768,
0.04004514589905739,
-0.15655158460140228,
-0.4002867639064789,
0.22102977335453033,
1.1675825119018555,
0.04928364232182503,
-0.280625581741... |
260 | tire pressure and temperature should be tested for optimal performance. When the tires get too hot they will swell or inflate and need to be deflated to the correct pressure. When the tires are not warmed up they will not perform as well. Brakes on a race car are imperative in slowing and stopping the car at precise ti... | "Auto racing" | [
0.31768155097961426,
0.27816635370254517,
-0.08233781158924103,
0.2995578646659851,
-0.09519962966442108,
-0.011936025694012642,
0.3328518569469452,
0.10549743473529816,
0.0053323605097830296,
-0.3333994150161743,
0.06181859225034714,
1.1120717525482178,
-0.05843181163072586,
-0.5144755840... |
261 | in racing: brake pedal displacement, brake pedal force, and vehicle deceleration. Various combinations of these variables work together to determine the stiffness, sensitivity, and pedal force of the brakes. When using the brakes effectively, the driver must go through a buildup phase and end with a modulating phase. T... | "Auto racing" | [
0.13083916902542114,
0.19775184988975525,
-0.01690679043531418,
0.24875852465629578,
-0.18105077743530273,
0.13004858791828156,
0.5048500299453735,
0.04362187534570694,
-0.013763414695858955,
-0.09572315216064453,
0.0708526149392128,
1.1674896478652954,
0.0699240043759346,
-0.4432582855224... |
262 | entire time of braking. These two measurements determine the wear of the brakes. The race car's engine needs a considerable amount of air to produce maximum power. The air intake manifold sucks the air from scoops on the hood and front bumper and feeds it into the engine. Many engine modifications to increase horsepowe... | "Auto racing" | [
0.41386428475379944,
0.22983767092227936,
0.03143153339624405,
0.258699893951416,
-0.10959305614233017,
0.13047395646572113,
0.11540789902210236,
-0.10610970854759216,
0.15838168561458588,
-0.020416177809238434,
0.08842787891626358,
1.162615418434143,
-0.06438588351011276,
-0.4121284782886... |
263 | the car that are controlled on an online program to test force, torque, or power. Through the testing, the car's engine maps can be changed to get the most amount of horsepower and ultimately speed out of the vehicle. Racing drivers at the highest levels are usually paid by the team, or by sponsors, and can command ver... | "Auto racing" | [
0.32465600967407227,
0.23602294921875,
0.012618107721209526,
0.3487219512462616,
-0.1563471555709839,
0.02297559194266796,
0.36166149377822876,
0.15101660788059235,
-0.09713877737522125,
-0.19498451054096222,
0.0062986379489302635,
1.009016990661621,
0.004124684724956751,
-0.47941482067108... |
264 | near-obsessive need to control their surroundings (the psychological aspect), and an unusual ability to process fast-moving information (physiological). In this, researchers have noted a strong correlation between racers' psychological profiles and those of fighter pilots. In tests comparing racers to members of the ge... | "Auto racing" | [
0.10423534363508224,
0.23892579972743988,
-0.27420029044151306,
0.4210403263568878,
-0.11661630123853683,
-0.09455450624227524,
0.3554278314113617,
0.2016155868768692,
-0.0065495315939188,
-0.2990363836288452,
-0.08111872524023056,
1.0224676132202148,
-0.10280782729387283,
-0.6123967170715... |
265 | Racing drivers mainly complain about pains in the lumbar, shoulder and neck regions. Racing drivers experience extremely large g-forces because formula cars and sports prototypes generate more downforce and are able to corner at significantly higher speeds. Formula 1 drivers routinely experience g-loadings in excess of... | "Auto racing" | [
0.5287292003631592,
0.28611791133880615,
-0.1447315365076065,
0.14275558292865753,
-0.32614633440971375,
0.2805810272693634,
-0.171403706073761,
0.4991079568862915,
-0.18024955689907074,
0.09895726293325424,
0.24794556200504303,
1.0567957162857056,
-0.17805856466293335,
0.10109434276819229... |
266 | Anarcho-capitalism Anarcho-capitalism is a political philosophy and school of anarchist thought that advocates the elimination of centralized state dictum in favor of self-ownership, private property and free markets. Anarcho-capitalists hold that in the absence of statute (law by arbitrary autocratic decrees, or burea... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.26052337884902954,
-0.19316044449806213,
-0.2290549874305725,
0.14658263325691223,
-0.010277633555233479,
0.20850896835327148,
0.09789685904979706,
0.41882261633872986,
0.19340582191944122,
-0.33633938431739807,
-0.3202499449253082,
0.275193989276886,
-0.941896378993988,
0.70981955528259... |
267 | than centrally through confiscatory taxation. Money, along with all other goods and services, would be privately and competitively provided in an open market. Personal and economic activities under anarcho-capitalism would therefore be regulated by victim-based dispute resolution organizations under tort and contract l... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.0290815569460392,
-0.24424533545970917,
-0.5847855806350708,
0.17827042937278748,
-0.374975323677063,
0.48291337490081787,
0.21713024377822876,
0.29266542196273804,
0.17320486903190613,
-0.024075517430901527,
-0.049169983714818954,
0.12526442110538483,
-0.906882107257843,
0.5889973640441... |
268 | 19th-century American individualist anarchists Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker (while rejecting their labor theory of value and the norms they derived from it). A Rothbardian anarcho-capitalist society would operate under a mutually agreed-upon libertarian "legal code which would be generally accepted, and which t... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.1555151492357254,
-0.20646479725837708,
-0.4392297565937042,
0.1383202075958252,
-0.1517408788204193,
0.10391149669885635,
0.4545486867427826,
0.07207901775836945,
0.20510081946849823,
-0.1941175013780594,
-0.17869456112384796,
0.32041409611701965,
-1.0632601976394653,
0.5721685886383057... |
269 | or regulate the accumulation of private property and the flow of capital. Anarcho-capitalists argue for a society based on the voluntary trade of private property and services (in sum, all relationships not caused by threats or violence, including exchanges of money, consumer goods, land and capital goods) in order to ... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.21727371215820312,
-0.1740637570619583,
-0.1643761545419693,
0.10558086633682251,
-0.11085531860589981,
0.21840982139110565,
0.2869412302970886,
0.40421971678733826,
0.042333267629146576,
-0.47694316506385803,
-0.28747090697288513,
0.22508524358272552,
-0.8415873646736145,
0.675340116024... |
270 | an anarcho-capitalist society. For them, what is important is that it is acquired and transferred without help or hindrance from the compulsory state. Anarcho-capitalist libertarians believe that the only just and most economically beneficial way to acquire property is through voluntary trade, gift, or labor-based orig... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.19051311910152435,
-0.30329132080078125,
-0.10835488885641098,
0.30387482047080994,
0.0012075096601620317,
0.1812976747751236,
0.08933380991220474,
0.4138838052749634,
-0.044665634632110596,
-0.5212116837501526,
-0.2907187342643738,
0.24001571536064148,
-0.6283596754074097,
0.75773501396... |
271 | the free market (Rothbard is credited with coining the term "anarcho-capitalism"). "Capitalism", as anarcho-capitalists employ the term, is not to be confused with state monopoly capitalism, crony capitalism, corporatism, or contemporary mixed economies, wherein market incentives and disincentives may be altered by sta... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.29848095774650574,
-0.162723109126091,
-0.4869648516178131,
0.13916321098804474,
-0.21248400211334229,
0.31698140501976013,
0.24073979258537292,
0.5485557317733765,
0.11593323200941086,
-0.2247185856103897,
-0.3066636919975281,
0.13089659810066223,
-0.9443230628967285,
0.8511061668395996... |
272 | education, conscription, laws on food and morality and the like. Many anarchists view capitalism as an inherently authoritarian and hierarchical system and seek the expropriation of private property. There is disagreement between these left anarchists and "laissez-faire" anarcho-capitalists as the former generally reje... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.1403363198041916,
-0.048058558255434036,
-0.24638746678829193,
-0.004172968678176403,
-0.35990971326828003,
0.24148760735988617,
0.22053273022174835,
0.5612162351608276,
0.006776657421141863,
-0.41361260414123535,
-0.2366410344839096,
0.12715375423431396,
-0.8533512949943542,
0.896150648... |
273 | state relies on initiating force because force can be used against those who have not stolen private property, vandalized private property, assaulted anyone, or committed fraud. Many also argue that subsidized monopolies tend to be corrupt and inefficient. Murray Rothbard argued that all government services, including ... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.1119827926158905,
-0.11424349248409271,
-0.27487871050834656,
0.2052505612373352,
-0.10511890798807144,
0.1807694435119629,
0.2859322130680084,
0.3659656047821045,
0.09480463713407516,
-0.2797568440437317,
-0.1424882709980011,
0.22231394052505493,
-0.6759164333343506,
0.6660616993904114,... |
274 | to stay in business. Furthermore, Linda and Morris Tannehill argue that no coercive monopoly of force can arise on a truly free market and that a government's citizenry can not desert them in favor of a competent protection and defense agency. Rothbard bases his philosophy on natural law grounds and also provides econo... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
-0.0217552799731493,
-0.15435224771499634,
-0.2735106647014618,
0.2237970381975174,
-0.047010570764541626,
0.044833071529865265,
0.2419653683900833,
0.1458301544189453,
0.048946261405944824,
-0.19350768625736237,
-0.10179076343774796,
0.16013622283935547,
-0.8400400876998901,
0.56130427122... |
275 | Leeson argues that "the case for anarchy derives its strength from empirical evidence, not theory". Hans-Hermann Hoppe instead uses "argumentation ethics" for his foundation of "private property anarchism", which is closer to Rothbard's natural law approach: While the Friedmanian formulation of anarcho-capitalism is ro... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.037167105823755264,
-0.2153012603521347,
-0.3811672031879425,
0.08861946314573288,
-0.04597141593694687,
0.25109294056892395,
0.31664276123046875,
0.1236213818192482,
-0.044161126017570496,
-0.07250906527042389,
-0.02807140350341797,
0.35843390226364136,
-0.8054139614105225,
0.5842459797... |
276 | can own another group of people, or the other alternative, that no single person has full ownership over one's self. Rothbard dismisses these two cases on the basis that they cannot result in a universal ethic, i.e. a just natural law that can govern all people, independent of place and time. The only alternative that ... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.13164496421813965,
-0.2806994915008545,
-0.2229567915201187,
0.24748866260051727,
-0.051592037081718445,
0.022186415269970894,
0.24584683775901794,
0.24637192487716675,
-0.032287683337926865,
-0.06658996641635895,
-0.05199659243226051,
0.19825062155723572,
-0.837891161441803,
0.737693607... |
277 | fraud, burglary, theft and taxation). The initiation of force is usually referred to as aggression or coercion. The difference between anarcho-capitalists and other libertarians is largely one of the degree to which they take this axiom. Minarchist libertarians, such as most people involved in libertarian political par... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.17818738520145416,
-0.2731190025806427,
-0.19340769946575165,
0.15541386604309082,
-0.1853497177362442,
-0.016295017674565315,
0.3418935537338257,
0.43554070591926575,
0.07747571915388107,
-0.3218410313129425,
-0.2808324694633484,
0.23467876017093658,
-0.7963114976882935,
0.6954452395439... |
278 | society that derives its income from legal aggression—an entity that inherently violates the central axiom of libertarianism. Some anarcho-capitalists, such as Rothbard, accept the nonaggression axiom on an intrinsic moral or natural law basis. It is in terms of the non-aggression principle that Rothbard defined anarch... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.06542842090129852,
-0.2572885751724243,
-0.3622679114341736,
0.041539665311574936,
-0.3158058226108551,
0.3218751549720764,
0.3417774438858032,
0.35197189450263977,
0.05772024393081665,
-0.20122908055782318,
-0.12442430108785629,
0.21903322637081146,
-0.8766659498214722,
0.70739489793777... |
279 | expression of anarchism, and anarchism is the fullest expression of capitalism". Central to Rothbardian anarcho-capitalism are the concepts of self-ownership and original appropriation that combines personal and private property: This is the root of anarcho-capitalist property rights and where they differ from collecti... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.24976912140846252,
-0.22914062440395355,
-0.185384139418602,
0.04791325703263283,
-0.11870918422937393,
0.33374956250190735,
0.009614736773073673,
0.21914416551589966,
0.09619056433439255,
-0.48139312863349915,
-0.1256287693977356,
0.19931405782699585,
-0.7437511682510376,
0.813604474067... |
280 | product of labor regardless of what the individual "needs" or does not "need". As Rothbard says, "if every man has the right to own his own body and if he must use and transform material natural objects in order to survive, then he has the right to own the product that he has made". After property is transformed throug... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.21544477343559265,
-0.40289971232414246,
-0.28724759817123413,
0.2814083695411682,
-0.023378096520900726,
0.2617305815219879,
0.012689592316746712,
0.4919985830783844,
0.01635361835360527,
-0.24942882359027863,
-0.18247520923614502,
0.09272250533103943,
-0.6214361190795898,
0.81206804513... |
281 | "absolute right" as his own body. According to Rothbard, property can only come about through labor, therefore original appropriation of land is not legitimate by merely claiming it or building a fence around it—it is only by using land and by mixing one's labor with it that original appropriation is legitimized: "Any ... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.2159954011440277,
-0.2287638783454895,
-0.3349299430847168,
0.11452186107635498,
-0.0681915432214737,
0.28855347633361816,
0.06911619752645493,
0.3102900981903076,
0.13652974367141724,
-0.24116551876068115,
-0.034934476017951965,
0.022791078314185143,
-0.6858335733413696,
0.6406018137931... |
282 | the person's property as "for once his labor is mixed with the natural resource, it remains his owned land. His labor has been irretrievably mixed with the land, and the land is therefore his or his assigns' in perpetuity". As a practical matter, in terms of the ownership of land anarcho-capitalists recognize that ther... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.272899329662323,
-0.06892114877700806,
-0.37629038095474243,
-0.029918309301137924,
-0.05371840298175812,
0.06973732262849808,
0.09560924768447876,
0.49717697501182556,
0.019027104601264,
-0.253640741109848,
-0.193091481924057,
-0.1253429353237152,
-0.5839307904243469,
0.7639698386192322... |
283 | in "Justice and Property Right" that "any identifiable owner (the original victim of theft or his heir) must be accorded his property". In the case of slavery, Rothbard says that in many cases "the old plantations and the heirs and descendants of the former slaves can be identified, and the reparations can become highl... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.05181080847978592,
-0.195309117436409,
-0.4399469196796417,
0.14507079124450684,
-0.03481019660830498,
0.1205500140786171,
0.12653566896915436,
0.530918300151825,
-0.07076401263475418,
-0.17595511674880981,
-0.16784143447875977,
-0.0979701578617096,
-0.5960885286331177,
0.683599114418029... |
284 | is in the hands of thieves, and should be liberated as quickly as possible". For example, he proposes that state universities be seized by the students and faculty under the homestead principle. Rothbard also supports expropriation of nominally "private property" if it is the result of state-initiated force, such as bu... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.09974178671836853,
-0.1789199411869049,
-0.11408514529466629,
0.27563712000846863,
-0.16391713917255402,
0.17121490836143494,
0.08900023251771927,
0.4529241919517517,
0.12325139343738556,
-0.23297177255153656,
-0.18577104806900024,
0.031227055937051773,
-0.5927422046661377,
0.62727612257... |
285 | titles; what we are for is not 'private' property per se but just, innocent, non-criminal private property". Likewise, Karl Hess says that "libertarianism wants to advance principles of property but that it in no way wishes to defend, willy nilly, all property which now is called private [...] Much of that property is ... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.2509326636791229,
-0.12946242094039917,
-0.16120469570159912,
0.107666976749897,
-0.024057310074567795,
0.07296265661716461,
0.13461828231811523,
0.42410483956336975,
-0.005506793037056923,
-0.22256363928318024,
-0.13403742015361786,
0.17247451841831207,
-0.6185138821601868,
0.8106392621... |
286 | anarcho-capitalists also point out that common, i.e. community, property can exist by right in an anarcho-capitalist system. Just as an individual comes to own that which was unowned by mixing his labor with it or using it regularly, a whole community or society can come to own a thing in common by mixing their labor w... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.36962610483169556,
-0.1265094131231308,
-0.3455691635608673,
0.11466074734926224,
-0.25406453013420105,
0.2630261182785034,
0.14115162193775177,
0.18974627554416656,
-0.029843447729945183,
-0.45695871114730835,
-0.026102792471647263,
-0.02251243405044079,
-0.7891349196434021,
0.831636309... |
287 | of accountability found in individual ownership to the extent of the number of owners—and make consensus regarding property use and maintenance decisions proportionately less likely—anarcho-capitalists generally distrust and seek to avoid intentional communal arrangements. Privatization, decentralization and individual... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.25980883836746216,
-0.07658063620328903,
-0.22542652487754822,
0.2734936773777008,
-0.1033424511551857,
0.12264961749315262,
0.23765681684017181,
0.5230781435966492,
-0.018433617427945137,
-0.5676909685134888,
-0.3289901316165924,
0.06282125413417816,
-0.8106253147125244,
0.6149494051933... |
288 | as the result of collectivization of ownership. Central governments generally strike down individual or class action censure of polluters in order to benefit "the many" and legal or economic subsidy of heavy industry is justified by many politicians for job creation within a political territory. The Austrian School of ... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.026176737621426582,
-0.020784422755241394,
-0.5784528255462646,
0.2247052788734436,
-0.43168798089027405,
0.4548514485359192,
0.2567981481552124,
0.3552015721797943,
0.21974427998065948,
-0.1261623054742813,
-0.11399640887975693,
0.1464778035879135,
-0.7770473957061768,
0.882240891456604... |
289 | that a command economy lacks the information function of market prices and that central authority over the economy leads to totalitarianism. Another Austrian economist, Ludwig von Mises, wrote "Human Action", an early exposition of the method he called praxeology. Rothbard attempted to meld Austrian economics with clas... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
-0.016164004802703857,
-0.3657965064048767,
-0.7018479704856873,
0.3061872720718384,
-0.4419727027416229,
0.5779989361763,
0.08450990915298462,
0.1270267516374588,
0.16685175895690918,
-0.09775906056165695,
-0.08253627270460129,
0.27511194348335266,
-0.8917964696884155,
0.6396963000297546,... |
290 | political philosophy. When young, he considered himself part of the Old Right, an anti-statist and anti-interventionist branch of the Republican Party. In the late 1950s, he was briefly involved with Ayn Rand, but later had a falling-out. When interventionist Cold Warriors of the "National Review", such as William F. B... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
-0.17432111501693726,
-0.23703695833683014,
-0.5069580674171448,
0.23229068517684937,
-0.30103379487991333,
0.31094005703926086,
-0.028454210609197617,
0.3429838716983795,
0.11284127086400986,
-0.1011614054441452,
0.05329642817378044,
0.1583041399717331,
-0.8775525093078613,
0.581029832363... |
291 | the Libertarian Party, but joined in 1973 and became one of its leading activists. The society envisioned by anarcho-capitalists has been called the "contractual society"—i.e. "a society based purely on voluntary action, entirely unhampered by violence or threats of violence" in which anarcho-capitalists assert the sys... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.2015618532896042,
-0.4176729619503021,
0.11866630613803864,
0.0026976163499057293,
-0.32368507981300354,
0.21267911791801453,
0.16243746876716614,
0.300167053937912,
-0.0263872928917408,
-0.24978888034820557,
-0.1068609356880188,
0.31437698006629944,
-0.83061683177948,
0.3868356943130493... |
292 | No external entities can force an individual to accept or deny a particular transaction. An employer might offer insurance and death benefits to same-sex couples—another might refuse to recognize any union outside his or her own faith. Individuals are free to enter into or reject contractual agreements as they see fit.... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.08859379589557648,
-0.15218603610992432,
-0.2873944640159607,
0.26314374804496765,
-0.16535647213459015,
0.019957734271883965,
0.2172003537416458,
0.4125039279460907,
0.029522961005568504,
-0.030812203884124756,
-0.11665506660938263,
0.15436199307441711,
-0.8288986086845398,
0.5960704088... |
293 | free market, such men would simply announce to their creditors that their liability is limited to the capital specifically invested in the corporation". However, corporations created in this way would not be able to replicate the limit on liabilities arising non-contractually, such as liability in tort for environmenta... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.1104225441813469,
-0.13714288175106049,
-0.018015531823039055,
0.16374832391738892,
-0.06359938532114029,
-0.04267878830432892,
0.0913630872964859,
0.3537612855434418,
-0.14070701599121094,
-0.16377834975719452,
-0.08752123266458511,
0.22563178837299347,
-0.858638346195221,
0.69014364480... |
294 | therefore any contract that implicitly violates those rights can be voided at will and which would, for instance, prevent a person from permanently selling himself or herself into unindentured slavery. Other interpretations conclude that banning such contracts would in itself be an unacceptably invasive interference in... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.16647502779960632,
-0.13275940716266632,
-0.031056014820933342,
0.10808444023132324,
-0.29527369141578674,
0.09956230223178864,
0.023331940174102783,
0.5055869817733765,
-0.009624292142689228,
-0.2654460370540619,
-0.1784364879131317,
0.22827191650867462,
-0.7677949070930481,
0.620686769... |
295 | to see self-employment prevail over wage labor. For example, David D. Friedman has expressed preference for a society where "almost everyone is self-employed" and "instead of corporations there are large groups of entrepreneurs related by trade, not authority. Each sells not his time, but what his time produces". Other... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.1392643302679062,
-0.17077991366386414,
-0.355623334646225,
0.1376049518585205,
-0.1978955715894699,
0.5260207056999207,
-0.026171889156103134,
0.42042240500450134,
-0.04078154265880585,
-0.4277563989162445,
-0.2563168406486511,
0.29373225569725037,
-0.8185601234436035,
0.860586285591125... |
296 | Morris and Linda Tannehill object to any statutory law whatsoever. They argue that all one has to do is ask if one is aggressing against another (see tort and contract law) in order to decide if an act is right or wrong. However, while also supporting a natural prohibition on force and fraud, Rothbard supports the esta... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.1462540328502655,
-0.1889609545469284,
-0.06145676597952843,
0.2983485162258148,
-0.1111549362540245,
0.1537233144044876,
0.1655428558588028,
0.23407883942127228,
0.061557888984680176,
-0.17645883560180664,
0.08239056915044785,
0.2987997233867645,
-0.724637508392334,
0.41658443212509155,... |
297 | be produced for profit on the open market, just as books and bras are produced today. There could be competition among different brands of law, just as there is competition among different brands of cars". Friedman says whether this would lead to a libertarian society "remains to be proven". He says it is a possibility... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.2934846878051758,
-0.031378597021102905,
-0.07848221808671951,
0.3167843818664551,
-0.0306061003357172,
0.039438940584659576,
0.0007724950555711985,
0.4099329710006714,
-0.025689397007226944,
-0.1729920506477356,
0.07946973294019699,
0.034859564155340195,
-0.7203773856163025,
0.562849044... |
298 | an anarcho-capitalist society". Anarcho-capitalists only accept collective defense of individual liberty (i.e. courts, military or police forces) insofar as such groups are formed and paid for on an explicitly voluntary basis. However, their complaint is not just that the state's defensive services are funded by taxati... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.292970210313797,
-0.057793401181697845,
-0.2007957398891449,
-0.02136487513780594,
-0.1279822289943695,
0.21125078201293945,
0.35187828540802,
0.31285014748573303,
0.07872667908668518,
-0.3121703565120697,
-0.23216597735881805,
0.10309267789125443,
-0.7301176190376282,
0.5385100245475769... |
299 | not private individuals, a right to use physical force to restrain aggressors. If competition in security provision were allowed to exist, prices would also be lower and services would be better according to anarcho-capitalists. According to Molinari: "Under a regime of liberty, the natural organization of the security... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.030931668356060982,
-0.35304757952690125,
0.07232676446437836,
0.28775933384895325,
0.15937988460063934,
0.12240368872880936,
0.033952586352825165,
0.2961292564868927,
-0.1702711433172226,
-0.2721899151802063,
0.004442101344466209,
0.22724847495555878,
-0.7923235893249512,
0.542986154556... |
300 | are sometimes referred to generically as private defense agencies (PDAs). The defense of those unable to pay for such protection might be financed by charitable organizations relying on voluntary donation rather than by state institutions relying on coercive taxation, or by cooperative self-help by groups of individual... | Anarcho-capitalism | [
0.1028352752327919,
-0.38369864225387573,
-0.44590798020362854,
0.27591076493263245,
-0.0038872624281793833,
0.5920653343200684,
0.14618201553821564,
0.15337686240673065,
0.060671962797641754,
0.10458288341760635,
-0.16318756341934204,
0.4383138418197632,
-0.592527449131012,
0.410709649324... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.