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Natural language processing for the legal domain has its own unique challenges. This is due to the way legal documents are structured as well as to the domain-specific language being used. Technology dealing with legal documents has received increased attention in recent years. This can be seen from the number of recen... | 0 |
Rather than matching texts in the bag-of-words space, Dense Retrieval (DR) methods first encode texts into a dense embedding space Xiong et al., 2021) and then conduct text retrieval using efficient nearest neighbor search (Chen et al., 2018; Guo et al., 2020; Johnson et al., 2021) . With pre-trained language models an... | 0 |
The centering model has evolved as a methodology for the description and explanation of the local coherence of discourse (Grosz et al., 1983; 1995) , with focus on pronominal and nominal anaphora. Though several cross-linguistic studies have been carded out (cf. the enumeration in Grosz et al. (1995) ), an almost canon... | 0 |
Grammatical gender is a categorization of nouns in certain languages which forms a basis for agreement with related words in sentences, and plays an important role in disambiguation and correct usage (Ibrahim, 2014) . An estimated third of the current world population are native speakers of gendered languages, and over... | 0 |
This paper describes a preliminary reading comprehension system constructed as a semester-long project for a natural language processing course. This was the first exposure to this material for all but one student, and so much of the semester was spent learning about and constructing the tools that would be needed to a... | 0 |
The proposed task, SemEval-2022 Task 5 Multimedia Automatic Misogyny Identification (MAMI) (Fersini et al., 2022) consists in the identification of misogynous memes in English language, taking advantage of both text and images available as a source of information.Overall, our proposed method consists of a multimodal ap... | 0 |
In the usual sense of syntactic parsing, the analyses of relationships among words and relationships among morphemes are separated. The former is called syntactic analysis (or syntactic parsing) and the latter is called morphological analysis (the term "morphological parsing" exists but it seems to denote a somewhat di... | 0 |
Recently, dialogue and interactive systems have been emerging with huge commercial values (Qiu et al., 2017; Yan et al., 2016a; Zhang et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2018b; Zhang et al., 2018a) , especially in the e-commerce field (Cui et al., 2017; Yan et al., 2016b) . Building a chatbot mainly faces two challenges, the l... | 0 |
One of the classic, and still open, tasks of Natural Language Processing (NLP) is Machine Translation (MT). Since its first steps, back in the 1950s (Hutchins and Somers, 1992) , MT has increased its presence in several scenarios providing access to multilingual content. The number of MT initiatives has risen greatly i... | 0 |
Most successful natural language processing (NLP) systems rely on a set of labeled training examples to induce models in a supervised manner. However, labeling instances to create a training set is time-consuming and expensive. One way to alleviate this problem is to resort to active learning (AL), where a learner choo... | 0 |
Hate Speech (HS) against ethnic, religious and national minorities is a growing concern in online discourse (e.g. Foxman & Wolf 2013) , creating a conflict of interest in societies that want to advocate freedom of speech on the one hand, and to protect minorities against defamation on the other (Herz & Molnar 2012) . S... | 0 |
Development of machines with emotional intelligence has been a long-standing goal of AI. With the increasing infusion of interactive systems in our lives, the need for empathetic machines with emotional understanding is paramount. Previous research in affective computing has looked at dialogues as an essential basis to... | 0 |
Generating referring expressions has recently been extended from the identification of single to sets of objects. However, existing algorithms suffer in terms of efficiency and expressiveness. In this paper, we report on a system that applies a best-first searching procedure, with an enhanced effectiveness and a larger... | 0 |
Crypto markets are "online forums where goods and services are exchanged between parties who use digital encryption to conceal their identities" (Martin, 2014) . They are typically hosted on the Tor network, which guarantees anonymization in terms of IP and location tracking. The identity of individuals on a crypto-mar... | 0 |
Data-to-text generation is a task of automatically producing text from non-linguistic input (Gatt and Krahmer, 2018) . The input can be in various forms such as databases of records, spreadsheets, knowledge bases, simulations of physical systems.Traditional methods for data-to-text generation (Kukich, 1983; Reiter and ... | 0 |
The rise of machine learning (ML) methods and the availability of treebanks (Buchholz and Marsi, 2006) for a wide variety of languages have led to a rapid increase in research on data-driven dependency parsing (McDonald and Pereira, 2006; Nivre, 2008; Kiperwasser and Goldberg, 2016) . However, the performance of depend... | 0 |
Natural languages are rife with ambi guity. There are lexical ambiguities; words in isolation may be seen to have multiple syntactic and semantic senses. There are syntactic ambiguities; the same sequence of words may be viewed as constituting different structures. And finally, there are semantic and pragmatic ambiguit... | 0 |
Paraphrases have been applied to various NLP applications, and recently, they are recognized as a useful resource for natural language understanding, such as semantic parsing (Berant and Liang, 2014) and automatic question answering (Dong et al., 2017) . While most previous studies focused on sentential paraphrase dete... | 0 |
Conversation within a dialogue can be thought of as an exchange of utterances between two speakers. Each utterance is not independent of one another but is instead grounded within a larger dialogue context known to both parties (Jurafsky and Martin, 2018; Sordoni et al., 2015; Serban et al., 2016; Dziri et al., 2019) .... | 0 |
Sentiment analysis of text documents has received considerable attention recently (Shanahan et al., 2005; Turney, 2002; Dave et al., 2003; Hu and Liu, 2004; Chaovalit and Zhou, 2005) . Unlike traditional text categorization based on topics, senti-ment analysis attempts to identify the subjective sentiment expressed (or... | 0 |
Text-based Question Answering (QA) is a hot research topic and the increasing availability of electronic text will ensure that research in this area will continue for long. Much of the current research on QA focuses on the development of methodologies for processing relatively large volumes of text. For example, the co... | 0 |
In hybrid context dependent DNN-HMM speech recognition methods, an artificial neural network (ANN) with multiple non-linear hidden layers is trained to output posterior probabilities of output frame labels corresponding to tied HMM triphone states (senones). The input of a higher-dimensional feature vector is composed ... | 0 |
Despite the progress on LGBT+ rights, Internet still remains a hostile environment for LGBT+ people. The growing number, intensity, and complexity of online hate cases is also reflected in the real world: Anti-LGBT+ hate crimes increased dramatically in the last three years. 1 In 2020, the UK's LGBT+ anti-violence char... | 0 |
Entity coreference resolution has become a critical component for many Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Systems requiring deep language understanding, such as information extraction (Wellner et al., 2004) , semantic event learning (Chambers and Jurafsky, 2008; Chambers and Jurafsky, 2009) , and named entity lin... | 0 |
Abstractive summarization is the challenging NLG task of compressing and rewriting a document into a short, relevant, salient, and coherent summary. It has numerous applications such as summarizing storylines, event understanding, etc. As compared to extractive or compressive summarization (Jing and McKeown, 2000; Knig... | 0 |
Many NLP tasks can be phrased as decision problems over complex linguistic structures. Successful learning depends on correctly encoding these (often latent) structures as features for the learning system. Tasks such as transliteration discovery (Klementiev and , recognizing textual entailment (RTE) (Dagan et al., 2006... | 0 |
One of the most complicated phenomena in English is conjunction constructions. Even quite simple noun phrases like (i) Cats with whiskers and tails are structurally ambiguous and would cause problem when translated from English to, sa~-, Chinese. Since in Chinese all the modifiers of the noun should go before it, two d... | 0 |
Microblogging sites has become a common way of reflecting peoples' opinion. Unlike the regular blogs, the size of a message on a microblogging site is relatively small. The need to automatically detect and summarize the sentiment of messages from users on a given topic or product has gained the interest of researchers.... | 0 |
One of the overarching goals of Augmentative and Alternative Communication technology is to help impaired users communicate more quickly and more naturally. Over the past thirty years, solutions that attempt to reduce the amount of effort needed to input a sentence have include semantic com-paction (Baker, 1990) , and ... | 0 |
NLP is the subset of AI that is focused on the scientific study of linguistic phenomena (Association for Computational Linguistics, 2021). Humancomputer interaction (HCI) is "the study and practice of the design, implementation, use, and evaluation of interactive computing systems" (Rogers, 2012). Grudin described HCI ... | 0 |
NLP is a relatively new area of involvement in the context of Nepal.The first ever NLP works in Nepal include the Nepali Spell Checker and Thesaurus that got released in the year 2005. The years after that saw an increasing amount of Research and Development of NLP resources and applications under different programs.Th... | 0 |
Irony is a form of figurative language, considered as "saying the opposite of what you mean", where the opposition of literal and intended meanings is very clear (Barbieri and Saggion, 2014; Liebrecht et al., 2013) . Traditional approaches in NLP (Tsur et al., 2010; Barbieri and Saggion, 2014; Karoui et al., 2015; Farí... | 0 |
The emergence of large collections of digitized spoken data has encouraged research in speech retrieval. Previous studies, notably those at TREC (Garafolo et al, 2000) , have focused mainly on well-structured news documents. In this paper we report on work carried out for the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum (CLEF) 2005... | 0 |
Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) is the lingua franca for the Arab world. Arabic speakers generally use dialects in daily interactions. There are 6 dominant dialects, namely Egyptian, Moroccan, Levantine, Iraqi, Gulf, and Yemeni 1 . The dialects may differ in vocabulary, morphology, syntax, and spelling from MSA and most l... | 0 |
Semantic textual similarity aims to capture whether the meaning of two texts are similar. This concept is somehow different from the textual similarity definition itself, because in the latter we are only interested in measuring the number of lexical components that the two texts share. Therefore, textual similarity ca... | 0 |
The recent years have seen unprecedented forward steps for Natural Language Processing (NLP) over almost every NLP subtask, relying on the advent of large data collections that can be leveraged to train deep neural networks. However, this progress has solely been observed in languages with significant data resources, w... | 0 |
This paper deals with the automatic referent resolution of deictic and anaphoric expressions in a research prototype of a multimodal user interface called EDWARD. The primary aim of our project is the development and the assessment of an interface that combines the positive features of the language mode and the action ... | 0 |
Document clustering is an aggregation of documents by discriminating the relevant documents from the irrelevant documents. The relevance determination criteria of any two documents is a similarity measure and the representatives of the documents [1, 2, 3, 4] . There are some similarity measures such as Dice coefficient... | 0 |
A traditional cross-lingual information retrieval (CLIR) system consists of two components: machine translation and monolingual information retrieval (Nie, 2010) . The idea is to solve the translation problem first, then the crosslingual IR problem become monolingual IR. However, the performance of translation-based ap... | 0 |
Heavy NP Shift (HNPS) refers to the tendency that long or phonologically "heavy" phrases are shifted to positions other than where they canonically occur. An English HNPS sentence is shown in (1a). The canonically word-ordered or "unshifted" version of (1a) is the sentence in (1b). When the object NP is short, however,... | 0 |
The natural reference for AI systems is human behavior. In human social life, emotional intelligence is important for successful and effective communication. Humans have the natural ability to comprehend and react to the emotions of their communication partners through vocal and facial expressions (Kotti and Paternò, 2... | 0 |
Chinese word segmentation has always been a difficult and challenging task in Chinese language processing. Several Chinese morphological analysis systems have been developed by different research groups and they all have quite good performance when doing segmentation of written Chinese. But there still remain some prob... | 0 |
Recent studies on meaning representation parsing (MRP) have focused on different semantic graph frameworks (Oepen et al., 2019 ) such as bilexical semantic dependency graphs (Peng et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2018; Dozat and Manning, 2018; Na et al., 2019) , a universal conceptual cognitive annotation (Hershcovich et al.... | 0 |
In recent years there has been increasing interest in improving the quality of SMT systems over a wide range of linguistic phenomena, including coreference resolution (Hardmeier et al., 2014) and modality (Baker et al., 2012) . Negation, however, is a problem that has still not been researched thoroughly (section 2).Ou... | 0 |
With the growing amount of textual data available in the Internet, unsupervised methods for natural language processing gain a considerable amount of interest. Due to the very special usage of language, supervised methods trained on high quality corpora (e. g. containing newspaper texts) do not achieve comparable accur... | 0 |
CLPsych 2022 Shared Task (Tsakalidis et al., 2022a) introduces the problem of assessing changes in a person's mood over time on the basis of their linguistic content (Tsakalidis et al., 2022b) . The purpose of the organisers is to focus on posting activity in online social media platforms. In particular, given a user's... | 0 |
The notion of word sense is central to computational lexical semantics. Word senses can be either encoded manually in lexical resources or induced automatically from text. The former knowledgebased sense representations, such as those found in the BabelNet lexical semantic network (Navigli and Ponzetto, 2012) , are eas... | 0 |
In Natural Language Processing (NLP), word segmentation is the commencement of Part-of-Speech (POS) tagging, semantic role labeling (SRL), and other similar studies. Particularly for Chinese, Japanese and Korean languages, the absence of explicit boundaries between characters makes the Word Segmentation (WS) task indis... | 0 |
Movable robots are ones that can execute tasks by moving around. If such robots can understand spoken language navigational instructions, they will become more useful and will be widely used. However, spoken language instructions are sometimes ambiguous in that their meanings differ depending on the situations such as ... | 0 |
Collocation extraction typically proceeds by scoring collocation candidates with an association measure, where high scores are taken to indicate likely collocationhood. Two well-known such measures are pointwise mutual information (PMI) and mutual information (MI). In terms of observing a combination of words w 1 , w 2... | 0 |
Pretrained language models (PLMs) like BERT (Devlin et al., 2019) , GPT-2 (Radford et al., 2019) and RoBERTa (Liu et al., 2019) have emerged as universal tools that capture a diverse range of linguistic and -as more and more evidence suggests -factual knowledge (Petroni et al., 2019; Radford et al., 2019) .Recent work ... | 0 |
Today, the interconnected nature of real-world applications brings more cross-field research problems leading to a much closer relationship between research areas. Real-world challenges require researchers to quickly get acquainted with knowledge in other areas. For example, imagine a researcher who is familiar with to... | 0 |
The focus in English parsing research in recent years has moved from Wall Street Journal parsing to improving performance on other domains. Our research aim is to improve parsing performance on text which is mildly ungrammatical, i.e. text which is well-formed enough to be understood by people yet which contains the ki... | 0 |
In recent years, RNN-based systems have proven excellent at a wide range of NLP tasks, sometimes achieving or even surpassing human performance on popular benchmarks. Their success stems from the complex but hard to interpret, representations that they learn from data. Given that syntax plays a critical role in human l... | 0 |
Open-domain question answering (QA) is the task of answering arbitrary factoid questions based on a knowledge source (e.g., Wikipedia). Recent stateof-the-art QA models are typically based on a twostage retriever-reader approach (Chen et al., 2017) using a retriever that obtains a small number of relevant passages from... | 0 |
Established methods for the identification of word translations are based on parallel (Brown et al., 1990) or comparable corpora (Fung & McKeown, 1997; Fung & Yee, 1998; Rapp, 1995; Rapp 1999; Chiao et al., 2004) . The work using parallel corpora such as Europarl (Koehn, 2005; Armstrong et al., 1998) or JRC Acquis (Ste... | 0 |
Recent years have seen the rapid growth of social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, several blogs) that has changed the way that people communicate. Many people express their opinion and emotions on blogs, forums or microblogs. Detecting the emotions that are expressed in social media is a very important proble... | 0 |
Taiwan has become the first in Asia to legalize same-sex marriage. Nevertheless, intense debate on whether same-sex marriage should be legalized between the pro-and against-same-sex marriage groups has not lessened. In the debate, discourses around homosexual has been reproduced and circulated, many of which concern th... | 0 |
Perception of foreign accent is mainly due to a difference of pronunciation between what a speaker said and a norm shared by natives of a target language (Alazard, 2013) . This difference has been mostly described on the segmental level, through theories of language acquisition, but the role of prosody was proved only ... | 0 |
The current state-of-the-art in machine translation uses a phrase-based approach to translate individual sentences from the source language to the target language. This technique [1] gave significant improvement over word to word translation originally developed at IBM [2] . However, regardless of the underlying models... | 0 |
Translation dictionaries used in multilingual natural language processing such as machine translation have been made manually, but a great deal of labor is required for this work and it is difficult to keep the description of the dictionaries consistent. Therefore, researches of extracting translation pairs from parall... | 0 |
Classification systems, from simple logistic regression to complex neural network, typically predict posterior probabilities over classes and decide the final class with the maximum probability. The model's performance is then evaluated by how accurate the predicted classes are with respect to outof-sample, ground-trut... | 0 |
International integration, along with the exponential growth of the Internet, has led to an increase in plagiarism, imitation of celebrities' writing style, and copyright disputes.Due to the enormous amount of information, looking for the style and characteristics of written works in order to identify the author's styl... | 0 |
In this paper, we describe a new algorithm for recovering WH-trace empty nodes in gold parse trees in the Penn Treebank and, more importantly, in automatically generated parses. This problem has only been investigated by a handful of researchers and yet it is important for a variety of applications, e.g., mapping parse... | 0 |
Computational literary analysis works at the intersection of natural language processing and literary studies, drawing on the structured representation of text to answer literary questions about character (Underwood et al., 2018) , objects (Tenen, 2018) and place (Evans and Wilkens, 2018) .Much of this work relies on t... | 0 |
Translating natural language (NL) descriptions into executable programs is a fundamental problem for computational linguistics. An end user may have difficulty to write programs for a certain task, even when the task is already specified in NL. For some tasks, even for developers, who have experience in writing program... | 0 |
One of the key aspects of a functional, free society is being presented with comprehensive options in electing government representatives. The decision is aided by the positions politicians take on relevant issues like water, housing, etc. Hence, it becomes important to relay political standings to the general public i... | 0 |
Relation Extraction (RE) (Bach and Badaskar, 2007) is a fundamental task of Natural Language Processing (NLP), which aims to extract the relations between entities in sentences and can be Figure 1 : The figure is an intuitive illustration of the difference in ways to introduce relation information between most existing... | 0 |
A key task in natural language generation is referring expression generation (REG). Most work on REG is aimed at producing distinguishing descriptions: descriptions that uniquely characterize a target object in a visual scene (e.g., "the red sofa"), and do not apply to any of the other objects in the scene (the distrac... | 0 |
Lexical translation is the task of translating individual words or phrases, either on their own (e.g., search-engine queries or meta-data tags) or as part of a knowledge-based Machine Translation (MT) system. In contrast with statistical MT, lexical translation does not require aligned corpora as input. Because large a... | 0 |
Existing research has shown the usefulness of public sentiment in social media across a wide range of applications. Several works showed social media as a promising tool for stock market prediction (Bollen et al., 2011; Ruiz et al., 2012; Si et al., 2013) . However, the semantic relationships between stocks have not ye... | 0 |
Around the 1980s the computational exploitation of machine-readable dictionaries (MRDs) for the automatic acquisition of lexical and semantic information enjoyed a great favor in NLP (Calzolari et al., 1973; Chodorow et al., 1985) . MRDs' definitions provided robust and structured knowledge from which semantic relation... | 0 |
Evaluation in monolingual translation (Xu et al., 2015; Mani, 2009) and in particular in GEC (Tetreault and Chodorow, 2008; Madnani et al., 2011; Felice and Briscoe, 2015; Bryant and Ng, 2015; has gained notoriety for its difficulty, due in part to the heterogeneity and size of the space of valid corrections (Chodorow ... | 0 |
Parallel corpora, that is, collections of documents that are mutual translations, are used in many natural language processing applications, particularly for statistical machine translation. Building such resources is however exceedingly expensive, requiring highly skilled annotators or professional translators (Preiss... | 0 |
Collaboration, a coordinated process involving two or more individuals participating in a task in an interdependent way, is an important topic of study given its importance as a major 21st century skill (Lai et al., 2017; Council, 2011; Rios et al., 2020) . Though collaboration as a general term is viewed as a learnabl... | 0 |
Recent advances in neural machine translation (NMT) have achieved remarkable success over the stateof-the-art of statistical machine translation (SMT) on various language pairs (Bahdanau et al., 2015; Jean et al., 2015; Luong et al., 2015; Wu et al., 2016; Vaswani et al., 2017) . In the neural networks of seq2seq model... | 0 |
Many inference algorithms require models to make strong assumptions of conditional independence between variables. For example, the Viterbi algorithm used for decoding in conditional random fields requires the model to be Markovian. Strong assumptions are also made in the case of McDonald et al.'s (2005b) non-projectiv... | 0 |
Detecting abusive language is important for two substantive reasons. First is the mitigation of harm to individuals. Exposure to hate speech can result in a wide range of psychological effects, including degradation of mental health, depression, reduced self-esteem, and greater stress expression (Saha et al., 2019; Tyn... | 0 |
Most statistical machine translation (SMT) systems (e.g. phrase-based, n-gram-based) extract their translation models from word alignment trained in a previous stage. Many papers have shown that alignment quality is poorly correlated with MT quality (for example Vilar et al. (2006) ). Then, we can tune the alignment di... | 0 |
Under-resourced languages still present a great challenge for the speech processing community. Slovenian belongs to such a group of under-resourced languages and is, with 2 million speakers, one of the smallest official EU languages. The development of Slovenian speech technology systems started in the end of 80's. Spe... | 0 |
The morphological processing of languages is indispensable for most applications in Human Language Technology. Usually, morphological models and their implementations are the primary building blocks in NLP systems.The development of the computational morphology of a given language has two main stages. The first stage i... | 0 |
Initial development of rule-based parsers 1 is often guided by the grammar writer's knowledge of the language and test suites that cover the "core" linguistic phenomena of the language (Nerbonne et al., 1988; Cooper et al., 1996; Lehmann et al., 1996) . Once the basic grammar is implemented, including an appropriate le... | 0 |
Spoken language translation of Arabic language has been widely studied recently in different projects (DARPA TRANSTAC, GALE) or evaluation campaigns (IWSLT 1 , NIST 2 ). Most of the time, the rich morphology of Arabic language is seen as a problem that must be addressed, especially when dealing with sparse data. It has... | 0 |
A key problem in sentiment analysis is to determine the polarity of sentiment in text. Much of the work on this problem has considered binary sentiment polarity (positive or negative) at granularity levels ranging from sentences (Mao and Lebanon, 2006; McDonald et al., 2007) to documents (Wilson et al., 2005; Allison, ... | 0 |
Dysarthria is a set of congenital and traumatic neuro-motor disorders that impair the physical production of speech and affects approximately 0.8% of individuals in North America (Hosom et al., 2003) . Causes of dysarthria include cerebral palsy (CP), multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral scl... | 0 |
The preposition into describes the path of motion event which typical involves an object, or figure, moves along the path to enter a reference object, or ground (Talmy, 2000) . An example of motion event is the caused-motion construction involving a verb (V) and two noun phrases (NP1 and NP2) as a direct and an indirec... | 0 |
Reformulations may occur in written and spoken languages, in which they show different functions (Flottum, 1995; Rossari, 1992) : in spoken language, they mark the elaboration of ideas, and are punctuated by hesitations, false starts, and repetitions (Blanche-Benveniste et al., 1991) , in written documents, we usually ... | 0 |
Reproducibility is an utmost priority in research to ensure reliability of scientific findings. Informally, it describes the ability to repeat a study, beginning with the same starting point, using the same resources (if possible) and achieving the same results and conclusions (Pineau et al., 2020) . Reproducibility re... | 0 |
Nowadays dialogue systems are becoming more and more ubiquitous in our lives. It is essential for such systems to perceive the environment, gather data and convey useful information to humans in an accessible fashion. Video question answering (VideoQA) systems provide a convenient way for humans to acquire visual infor... | 0 |
The annotation of full text documents is a costly and time-consuming task. Thus, it is important to design annotation tools in such a way that the annotation process can happen as swiftly as possible. To this end, we extend WebAnno with the capability of suggesting annotations to the annotator.A general-purpose web-bas... | 0 |
In the era of big data and deep learning there is an increasing need for large annotated corpora that can be used as training and evaluation data for (semi-)supervised methods. This can be seen by the vast amount of work introducing new datasets and techniques for (semi-)automatically annotating corpora. Different NLP ... | 0 |
Some of the earliest research related to the problem of text segmentation into thematic episodes used the word distribution as an intrinsic feature of texts (Morris and Hirst, 1991) . The studies of (Reynar, 1994; Hearst, 1997; Choi, 2000) continued in this vein. While having quite different emphasis at different level... | 0 |
Use of social media has enabled the study of psychological and social questions at an unprecedented scale (Lazer et al., 2009) . This allows more data-driven discovery alongside the typical hypothesis-testing social science process (Schwartz et al., 2013b) . Social media may track disease rates (Paul and Dredze, 2011; ... | 0 |
Keyphrases are usually the selected phrases that can capture the main topics described in a given document (Turney, 2000) . They can provide users with highly condensed and valuable information, and there are a wide variety of sources for keyphrases, including web pages, research articles, books, and even movies. In co... | 0 |
Email for many users has evolved from a mere communication system to a means of organizing workflow, storing information and tracking tasks (i.e. "to do" items) (Bellotti et al., 2003; Cadiz et al., 2001) . Tools available in email clients for managing this information are often cumbersome or even so difficult to disco... | 0 |
Despite ever-increasing volumes of text documents available online, labelled data remains a scarce resource in many practical NLP scenarios. This scarcity is especially acute when dealing with resource-poor languages and/or uncommon textual domains. This lack of labelled datasets is also common in industry-driven NLP p... | 0 |
Speech recognition researchers understand what sort of speech is easily recognized by speech recognizers and realize that speech recognizers perform best when dealing with clean speech. On the other hand, most end users of speech recognizers judge the effectiveness of speech recognition from their limited experiences a... | 0 |
Phonological transformations map underlying representations (UR) onto surface forms (SF) . The maps between UR and SF are known to be REGULAR (Johnson, 1972; Kaplan and Kay, 1994) , meaning they can be modeled with finite state transducers (FST). This generalization is stated as the Regular Hypothesis (1).(1) Regular H... | 0 |
Knowledge about habitats of bacteria is crucial for the study of microbial communities, e.g. metagenomics, as well as for various applications such as food processing and health sciences. Although this type of information is available in the biomedical literature, comprehensive resources accumulating the knowledge do n... | 0 |
We compute the semantic similarity between pairs of sentences by combining a set of similarity metrics at various levels of depth, from surface word similarity to similarities derived from vector models of word or sentence meaning. Regression is then used to determine optimal weightings of the different similarity meas... | 0 |
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