Rishabh56/SFT-OpenAssistant-ChemistryDataset
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Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
156
Magnification
The magnification produced by a lens, similar to that for spherical
mirrors, is defined as the ratio of the height of the image and the height
of the object. Magnification is represented by the letter m. If h is the
height of the object and h′ is the height of the image given by a lens, then
t... | Science 156 Magnification The magnification produced by a lens, similar to that for spherical mirrors, is defined as the ratio of the height of the image and the height of the object. Magnification is represented by the letter m. If h is the height of the object and h′ is... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
182
Figure 11.7
Figure 11.7
Figure 11.7
Figure 11.7
Figure 11.7 Resistors in parallel
You will observe that the value of the current in the ammeter is the
same, independent of its position in the electric circuit. It means that in
a series combination of resistors the current is the same in every part of
the ci... | Science 182 Figure 11.7 Figure 11.7 Figure 11.7 Figure 11.7 Figure 11.7 Resistors in parallel You will observe that the value of the current in the ammeter is the same, independent of its position in the electric circuit. It means that in a series combination of resistors the current is... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Our Environment
215
Activity 13.7
Activity 13.7
Activity 13.7
Activity 13.7
Activity 13.7
n
Find out what happens to the waste generated at home. Is there a
system in place to collect this waste?
n
Find out how the local body (panchayat, municipal corporation,
resident welfare association) deals with the waste. Are the... | Our Environment 215 Activity 13.7 Activity 13.7 Activity 13.7 Activity 13.7 Activity 13.7 n Find out what happens to the waste generated at home. Is there a system in place to collect this waste? n Find out how the local body (panchayat, municipal corporation, resident welfare association) deals with the... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
114
?
because the copy pushed out would not have any organised cellular
structure for maintaining life processes. Therefore, DNA copying is
accompanied by the creation of an additional cellular apparatus, and
then the DNA copies separate, each with its own cellular apparatus.
Effectively, a cell divides to give... | Science 114 ? because the copy pushed out would not have any organised cellular structure for maintaining life processes. Therefore, DNA copying is accompanied by the creation of an additional cellular apparatus, and then the DNA copies separate, each with its own cellular apparatus. Effectively, a cell divides to give... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
205
Figure 12.15
Figure 12.15
Figure 12.15
Figure 12.15
Figure 12.15 A schematic diagram of one of the common domestic circuits
Q
U
E
S
T
I
O
N
S
?
Figure 12.15 gives a schematic diagram of one of the common
domestic circuits. In each separate circuit, different appliances can be
co... | Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 205 Figure 12.15 Figure 12.15 Figure 12.15 Figure 12.15 Figure 12.15 A schematic diagram of one of the common domestic circuits Q U E S T I O N S ? Figure 12.15 gives a schematic diagram of one of the common domestic circuits. In... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
186
n
Take out the plug from the key. Remove the ammeter and voltmeter from the circuit.
Insert the ammeter in series with the resistor R1, as shown in Fig. 11.11. Note the ammeter
reading, I1.
Figure 11.11
Figure 11.11
Figure 11.11
Figure 11.11
Figure 11.11
n
Similarly, measure the currents through R2 and R3. ... | Science 186 n Take out the plug from the key. Remove the ammeter and voltmeter from the circuit. Insert the ammeter in series with the resistor R1, as shown in Fig. 11.11. Note the ammeter reading, I1. Figure 11.11 Figure 11.11 Figure 11.11 Figure 11.11 Figure 11.11 n Similarly, measure... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
94
pumping system. To avoid this, the blood has platelet cells which circulate
around the body and plug these leaks by helping to clot the blood at
these points of injury.
Lymph
There is another type of fluid also involved in transportation. This is
called lymph or tissue fluid. Through the pores present in the... | Science 94 pumping system. To avoid this, the blood has platelet cells which circulate around the body and plug these leaks by helping to clot the blood at these points of injury. Lymph There is another type of fluid also involved in transportation. This is called lymph or tissue fluid.... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | The Human Eye and the Colourful World
165
10.3 REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A PRISM
10.3 REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A PRISM
10.3 REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A PRISM
10.3 REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A PRISM
10.3 REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A PRISM
You have learnt how light gets refracted through a rectangular glass
slab... | The Human Eye and the Colourful World 165 10.3 REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A PRISM 10.3 REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A PRISM 10.3 REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A PRISM 10.3 REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A PRISM 10.3 REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A PRISM You have learnt how light gets refracted... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Control and Coordination
103
Can you now trace the sequence of events which occur when a bright
light is focussed on your eyes?
6.1.2 Human Brain
Is reflex action the only function of the spinal cord? Obviously not, since
we know that we are thinking beings. Spinal cord is made up of nerves
which supply information to ... | Control and Coordination 103 Can you now trace the sequence of events which occur when a bright light is focussed on your eyes? 6.1.2 Human Brain Is reflex action the only function of the spinal cord? Obviously not, since we know that we are thinking beings. Spinal cord is made... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | How do Organisms Reproduce?
115
Figure 7.1(a)
Figure 7.1(a)
Figure 7.1(a)
Figure 7.1(a)
Figure 7.1(a) Binary fission in Amoeba
Activity 7.2
Activity 7.2
Activity 7.2
Activity 7.2
Activity 7.2
7.2 MODES OF REPRODUCTION USED BY SINGLE
7.2 MODES OF REPRODUCTION USED BY SINGLE
7.2 MODES OF REPRODUCTION USED BY SINGLE
7.2 M... | How do Organisms Reproduce? 115 Figure 7.1(a) Figure 7.1(a) Figure 7.1(a) Figure 7.1(a) Figure 7.1(a) Binary fission in Amoeba Activity 7.2 Activity 7.2 Activity 7.2 Activity 7.2 Activity 7.2 7.2 MODES OF REPRODUCTION USED BY SINGLE 7.2 MODES OF REPRODUCTION USED BY SINGLE 7.2 MODES OF REPRODUCTION USED BY SINGLE... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Our Environment
217
(c)
Goat, cow and elephant
(d)
Grass, fish and goat
3.
Which of the following are environment-friendly practices?
(a)
Carrying cloth-bags to put purchases in while shopping
(b)
Switching off unnecessary lights and fans
(c)
Walking to school instead of getting your mother to drop you on her scooter
(... | Our Environment 217 (c) Goat, cow and elephant (d) Grass, fish and goat 3. Which of the following are environment-friendly practices? (a) Carrying cloth-bags to put purchases in while shopping (b) Switching off unnecessary lights and fans (c) Walking to school instead of getting your mother to drop you on... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
60
Figure 4.4
Figure 4.4
Figure 4.4
Figure 4.4
Figure 4.4
Triple bond between
two nitrogen atoms
Figure 4.3
Figure 4.3
Figure 4.3
Figure 4.3
Figure 4.3
Double bond between
two oxygen atoms
electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas,
helium, which has two electrons in its K shell. We can
depict this using... | Science 60 Figure 4.4 Figure 4.4 Figure 4.4 Figure 4.4 Figure 4.4 Triple bond between two nitrogen atoms Figure 4.3 Figure 4.3 Figure 4.3 Figure 4.3 Figure 4.3 Double bond between two oxygen atoms electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas, helium, which has two electrons in its K shell.... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
80
class, even if we are just asleep, this maintenance job has to go on.
The processes which together perform this maintenance job are
life processes.
Since these maintenance processes are needed to prevent damage
and break-down, energy is needed for them. This energy comes from
outside the body of the individu... | Science 80 class, even if we are just asleep, this maintenance job has to go on. The processes which together perform this maintenance job are life processes. Since these maintenance processes are needed to prevent damage and break-down, energy is needed for them. This energy comes from outside the body... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
148
The following are the laws of refraction of light.
(i)
The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface
of two transparent media at the point of incidence, all lie in the
same plane.
(ii)
The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of
refraction is a constant, for the li... | Science 148 The following are the laws of refraction of light. (i) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface of two transparent media at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane. (ii) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
78
4.
Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation in CH3Cl.
5.
Draw the electron dot structures for
(a)
ethanoic acid.
(b)
H2S.
(c)
propanone.
(d)
F2 .
6.
What is an homologous series? Explain with an example.
7.
How can ethanol and ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their phys... | Science 78 4. Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation in CH3Cl. 5. Draw the electron dot structures for (a) ethanoic acid. (b) H2S. (c) propanone. (d) F2 . 6. What is an homologous series? Explain with an example. 7. How can ethanol and ethanoic acid... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Metals and Non-metals
55
In which cases will you find displacement reactions taking place?
2.
Which metals do not corrode easily?
3.
What are alloys?
Q
U
E
S
T
I
O
N
S
?
1.
Metallic oxides of zinc, magnesium and copper were heated with the
following metals.
Metal
Zinc
Magnesium
Copper
Zinc oxide
Magnesium oxide
Copper ... | Metals and Non-metals 55 In which cases will you find displacement reactions taking place? 2. Which metals do not corrode easily? 3. What are alloys? Q U E S T I O N S ? 1. Metallic oxides of zinc, magnesium and copper were heated with the following metals. Metal... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
206
What you have learnt
n
A compass needle is a small magnet. Its one end, which points towards north, is
called a north pole, and the other end, which points towards south, is called a
south pole.
n
A magnetic field exists in the region surrounding a magnet, in which the force of
the magnet can be detected.
n... | Science 206 What you have learnt n A compass needle is a small magnet. Its one end, which points towards north, is called a north pole, and the other end, which points towards south, is called a south pole. n A magnetic field exists in the region surrounding a magnet,... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Electricity
183
Activity 11.5
Activity 11.5
Activity 11.5
Activity 11.5
Activity 11.5
n
In Activity 11.4, insert a voltmeter across the ends X and Y of the
series combination of three resistors, as shown in Fig. 11.6.
n
Plug the key in the circuit and note the voltmeter reading. It
gives the potential difference across... | Electricity 183 Activity 11.5 Activity 11.5 Activity 11.5 Activity 11.5 Activity 11.5 n In Activity 11.4, insert a voltmeter across the ends X and Y of the series combination of three resistors, as shown in Fig. 11.6. n Plug the key in the circuit and note the voltmeter reading. It... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | The Human Eye and
the Colourful World
10
CHAPTER
Y
ou have studied in the previous chapter about refraction of light by
lenses. You also studied the nature, position and relative size of
images formed by lenses. How can these ideas help us in the study of
the human eye? The human eye uses light and enables us to see ob... | The Human Eye and the Colourful World 10 CHAPTER Y ou have studied in the previous chapter about refraction of light by lenses. You also studied the nature, position and relative size of images formed by lenses. How can these ideas help us in the study of the human eye?... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
12
1.2.5 Oxidation and Reduction
Activity 1.11
Activity 1.11
Activity 1.11
Activity 1.11
Activity 1.11
n
Heat a china dish containing about 1 g
copper powder (Fig. 1.10).
n
What do you observe?
Figure 1.10
Figure 1.10
Figure 1.10
Figure 1.10
Figure 1.10
Oxidation of copper to
copper oxide
The surface of copper ... | Science 12 1.2.5 Oxidation and Reduction Activity 1.11 Activity 1.11 Activity 1.11 Activity 1.11 Activity 1.11 n Heat a china dish containing about 1 g copper powder (Fig. 1.10). n What do you observe? Figure 1.10 Figure 1.10 Figure 1.10 Figure 1.10 Figure 1.10 Oxidation of copper to copper oxide... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Metals and Non-metals
57
8.
In the electrolytic refining of a metal M, what would you take as the anode, the
cathode and the electrolyte?
9.
Pratyush took sulphur powder on a spatula and heated it. He collected the gas
evolved by inverting a test tube over it, as shown in figure below.
(a)
What will be the action of ga... | Metals and Non-metals 57 8. In the electrolytic refining of a metal M, what would you take as the anode, the cathode and the electrolyte? 9. Pratyush took sulphur powder on a spatula and heated it. He collected the gas evolved by inverting a test tube over it, as shown... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
120
reproduction incorporates such a process of combining DNA from two
different individuals during reproduction.
But this creates a major difficulty. If each new generation is to be the
combination of the DNA copies from two pre-existing individuals, then
each new generation will end up having twice the amount... | Science 120 reproduction incorporates such a process of combining DNA from two different individuals during reproduction. But this creates a major difficulty. If each new generation is to be the combination of the DNA copies from two pre-existing individuals, then each new generation will end up having twice the amount... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | ρ
=
1
4
l
A
R2
1
=
4
R1
R2= 1Ω
The resistance of the new wire is 1Ω.
2024-25 | ρ = 1 4 l A R2 1 = 4 R1 R2= 1Ω The resistance of the new wire is 1Ω. 2024-25... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Chemical Reactions and Equations
13
In reaction (1.31) carbon is oxidised to CO and ZnO is reduced to Zn.
In reaction (1.32) HCl is oxidised to Cl2 whereas MnO2 is reduced to MnCl2.
From the above examples we can say that if a substance gains oxygen
or loses hydrogen during a reaction, it is oxidised. If a substance lo... | Chemical Reactions and Equations 13 In reaction (1.31) carbon is oxidised to CO and ZnO is reduced to Zn. In reaction (1.32) HCl is oxidised to Cl2 whereas MnO2 is reduced to MnCl2. From the above examples we can say that if a substance gains oxygen or loses hydrogen during... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
26
Activity 2.11
Activity 2.11
Activity 2.11
Activity 2.11
Activity 2.11
n
Test the pH values
of solutions given in
Table 2.2.
n
Record your observations.
n
What is the nature of each
substance on the basis of
your observations?
Figure 2.7
Figure 2.7
Figure 2.7
Figure 2.7
Figure 2.7 pH of some common substa... | Science 26 Activity 2.11 Activity 2.11 Activity 2.11 Activity 2.11 Activity 2.11 n Test the pH values of solutions given in Table 2.2. n Record your observations. n What is the nature of each substance on the basis of your observations? Figure 2.7 Figure 2.7 Figure 2.7 Figure 2.7 Figure... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
214
We have seen in the chapter on ‘Life Processes’ that the food we eat is
digested by various enzymes in our body. Have you ever wondered why
the same enzyme does not break-down everything we eat? Enzymes are
specific in their action, specific enzymes are needed for the break-down
of a particular substance. T... | Science 214 We have seen in the chapter on ‘Life Processes’ that the food we eat is digested by various enzymes in our body. Have you ever wondered why the same enzyme does not break-down everything we eat? Enzymes are specific in their action, specific enzymes are needed for the... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
20
Note that the metal in the above reactions displaces hydrogen atoms
from the acids as hydrogen gas and forms a compound called a salt.
Thus, the reaction of a metal with an acid can be summarised as –
Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas
Can you now write the equations for the reactions you have observed?
Act... | Science 20 Note that the metal in the above reactions displaces hydrogen atoms from the acids as hydrogen gas and forms a compound called a salt. Thus, the reaction of a metal with an acid can be summarised as – Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas Can you... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Metals and Non-metals
51
used for removing the gangue from the ore are based on the differences
between the physical or chemical properties of the gangue and the ore.
Different separation techniques are accordingly employed.
3.4.3 Extracting Metals Low in the Activity Series
Metals low in the activity series are very ... | Metals and Non-metals 51 used for removing the gangue from the ore are based on the differences between the physical or chemical properties of the gangue and the ore. Different separation techniques are accordingly employed. 3.4.3 Extracting Metals Low in the Activity Series Metals low in the activity series are... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
24
KOH(s)
K (aq)+OH (aq)
H O
2
+
→
–
Mg(OH)2(s)
H O
2
→
Mg2+(aq)+2OH–(aq)
Bases generate hydroxide (OH–) ions in water. Bases which are soluble
in water are called alkalis.
Do You
Know?
All bases do not dissolve in water. An alkali is a base that dissolves in water. They
are soapy to touch, bitter a... | Science 24 KOH(s) K (aq)+OH (aq) H O 2 + → – Mg(OH)2(s) H O 2 → Mg2+(aq)+2OH–(aq) Bases generate hydroxide (OH–) ions in water. Bases which are soluble in water are called alkalis. Do You Know? All bases do not dissolve in water. An alkali is... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Acids, Bases and Salts
27
What is the pH of the soil in your backyard?
Plants require a specific pH range for their healthy growth. To find out
the pH required for the healthy growth of a plant, you can collect the soil
from various places and check the pH in the manner described below in
Activity 2.12. Also, you can n... | Acids, Bases and Salts 27 What is the pH of the soil in your backyard? Plants require a specific pH range for their healthy growth. To find out the pH required for the healthy growth of a plant, you can collect the soil from various places and check the pH... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
84
taken up in the form of inorganic nitrates or nitrites. Or it is taken up as
organic compounds which have been prepared by bacteria from
atmospheric nitrogen.
5.2.2 Heterotrophic Nutrition
Each organism is adapted to its environment. The form of nutrition
differs depending on the type and availability of foo... | Science 84 taken up in the form of inorganic nitrates or nitrites. Or it is taken up as organic compounds which have been prepared by bacteria from atmospheric nitrogen. 5.2.2 Heterotrophic Nutrition Each organism is adapted to its environment. The form of nutrition differs depending on the type and availability... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | (xi)
CONTENTS
Foreword
iii
Rationalisation of Content in the Textbooks
v
Preface
vii
Chapter 1
Chemical Reactions and Equations
1
Chapter 2
Acids, Bases and Salts
17
Chapter 3
Metals and Non-metals
37
Chapter 4
Carbon and its Compounds
58
Chapter 5
Life Processes
79
Chapter 6
Control and Coordination
100
Chapter 7
How ... | (xi) CONTENTS Foreword iii Rationalisation of Content in the Textbooks v Preface vii Chapter 1 Chemical Reactions and Equations 1 Chapter 2 Acids, Bases and Salts 17 Chapter 3 Metals and Non-metals 37 Chapter 4 Carbon and its Compounds 58 Chapter 5 Life Processes 79 Chapter 6 Control and Coordination... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | How do Organisms Reproduce?
117
Figure 7.3
Figure 7.3
Figure 7.3
Figure 7.3
Figure 7.3 Regeneration in Planaria
take place in an organised
sequence referred to as
development.
However,
regeneration is not the same
as reproduction, since most
organisms
would
not
normally depend on being cut
up to be able to repro... | How do Organisms Reproduce? 117 Figure 7.3 Figure 7.3 Figure 7.3 Figure 7.3 Figure 7.3 Regeneration in Planaria take place in an organised sequence referred to as development. However, regeneration is not the same as reproduction, since most organisms would not normally depend on being cut up to be able... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Light – Reflection and Refraction
155
Figure 9.16
Figure 9.16
Figure 9.16
Figure 9.16
Figure 9.16 The position, size and the nature of the image formed by
a convex lens for various positions of the object
Figure 9.17
Figure 9.17
Figure 9.17
Figure 9.17
Figure 9.17 Nature, position and relative size of the image for... | Light – Reflection and Refraction 155 Figure 9.16 Figure 9.16 Figure 9.16 Figure 9.16 Figure 9.16 The position, size and the nature of the image formed by a convex lens for various positions of the object Figure 9.17 Figure 9.17 Figure 9.17 Figure 9.17 Figure 9.17 Nature, position and relative... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Light – Reflection and Refraction
139
(ii)
A ray passing through the
principal focus of a concave
mirror or a ray which is
directed
towards
the
principal focus of a convex
mirror, after reflection, will
emerge parallel to the
principal axis. This is
illustrated in Fig.9.4 (a)
and (b).
(iii)
A ray passing through the
... | Light – Reflection and Refraction 139 (ii) A ray passing through the principal focus of a concave mirror or a ray which is directed towards the principal focus of a convex mirror, after reflection, will emerge parallel to the principal axis. This is illustrated in Fig.9.4 (a) and (b). (iii)... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
74
CH COOC H
C H OH+CH COONa
3
2
5
2
5
3
NaOH
(ii)
Reaction with a base: Like mineral acids, ethanoic acid reacts with
a base such as sodium hydroxide to give a salt (sodium ethanoate
or commonly called sodium acetate) and water:
NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O
How does ethanoic acid react with carbonates and
h... | Science 74 CH COOC H C H OH+CH COONa 3 2 5 2 5 3 NaOH (ii) Reaction with a base: Like mineral acids, ethanoic acid reacts with a base such as sodium hydroxide to give a salt (sodium ethanoate or commonly called sodium acetate) and water: NaOH + CH3COOH... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Carbon and its Compounds
67
unit? Do you see any relation between the number of carbon and
hydrogen atoms in these compounds? The general formula for alkenes
can be written as CnH2n, where n = 2, 3, 4. Can you similarly generate the
general formula for alkanes and alkynes?
As the molecular mass increases in any homolog... | Carbon and its Compounds 67 unit? Do you see any relation between the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in these compounds? The general formula for alkenes can be written as CnH2n, where n = 2, 3, 4. Can you similarly generate the general formula for alkanes and alkynes? As... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
124
When a girl is born, the ovaries already contain thousands of
immature eggs. On reaching puberty, some of these start maturing. One
egg is produced every month by one of the ovaries. The egg is carried
from the ovary to the womb through a thin oviduct or fallopian tube.
The two oviducts unite into an elasti... | Science 124 When a girl is born, the ovaries already contain thousands of immature eggs. On reaching puberty, some of these start maturing. One egg is produced every month by one of the ovaries. The egg is carried from the ovary to the womb through a thin oviduct or fallopian... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
28
2.4 MORE ABOUT SAL
2.4 MORE ABOUT SAL
2.4 MORE ABOUT SAL
2.4 MORE ABOUT SAL
2.4 MORE ABOUT SALTS
TS
TS
TS
TS
In the previous sections we have seen the formation of salts during
various reactions. Let us understand more about their preparation,
properties and uses.
2.4.1 Family of Salts
Activity 2.13
Activity... | Science 28 2.4 MORE ABOUT SAL 2.4 MORE ABOUT SAL 2.4 MORE ABOUT SAL 2.4 MORE ABOUT SAL 2.4 MORE ABOUT SALTS TS TS TS TS In the previous sections we have seen the formation of salts during various reactions. Let us understand more about their preparation, properties and uses.... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Chemical Reactions and Equations
3
1.1.1 Writing a Chemical Equation
Is there any other shorter way for representing chemical equations?
Chemical equations can be made more concise and useful if we use
chemical formulae instead of words. A chemical equation represents a
chemical reaction. If you recall formulae of magn... | Chemical Reactions and Equations 3 1.1.1 Writing a Chemical Equation Is there any other shorter way for representing chemical equations? Chemical equations can be made more concise and useful if we use chemical formulae instead of words. A chemical equation represents a chemical reaction. If you recall formulae of magn... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
86
have often heard adults complaining about ‘acidity’. Can this be related
to what has been discussed above?
The exit of food from the stomach is regulated by a sphincter muscle
which releases it in small amounts into the small intestine. From the
stomach, the food now enters the small intestine. This is the l... | Science 86 have often heard adults complaining about ‘acidity’. Can this be related to what has been discussed above? The exit of food from the stomach is regulated by a sphincter muscle which releases it in small amounts into the small intestine. From the stomach, the food now enters the... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Light – Reflection and Refraction
153
The summary of the above Activity is given in Table 9.5 below.
Activity 9.13
Activity 9.13
Activity 9.13
Activity 9.13
Activity 9.13
n
Take a concave lens. Place it on a lens stand.
n
Place a burning candle on one side of the lens.
n
Look through the lens from the other side and ob... | Light – Reflection and Refraction 153 The summary of the above Activity is given in Table 9.5 below. Activity 9.13 Activity 9.13 Activity 9.13 Activity 9.13 Activity 9.13 n Take a concave lens. Place it on a lens stand. n Place a burning candle on one side of the lens.... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
40
points but gallium and caesium have very low melting points.
These two metals will melt if you keep them on your palm.
(ii)
Iodine is a non-metal but it is lustrous.
(iii)
Carbon is a non-metal that can exist in different forms. Each
form is called an allotrope. Diamond, an allotrope of carbon, is
the hardes... | Science 40 points but gallium and caesium have very low melting points. These two metals will melt if you keep them on your palm. (ii) Iodine is a non-metal but it is lustrous. (iii) Carbon is a non-metal that can exist in different forms. Each form is called an allotrope.... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Life Processes
95
moves into the root from the soil to eliminate this difference. This means
that there is steady movement of water into root xylem, creating a column
of water that is steadily pushed upwards.
However, this pressure by itself is unlikely to be enough to move
water over the heights that we commonly see i... | Life Processes 95 moves into the root from the soil to eliminate this difference. This means that there is steady movement of water into root xylem, creating a column of water that is steadily pushed upwards. However, this pressure by itself is unlikely to be enough to move water over... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
38
You will find that some metals can be beaten into thin sheets. This
property is called malleability. Did you know that gold and silver are the
most malleable metals?
Activity 3.3
Activity 3.3
Activity 3.3
Activity 3.3
Activity 3.3
n
Take pieces of iron, zinc, lead and copper.
n
Place any one metal on a block... | Science 38 You will find that some metals can be beaten into thin sheets. This property is called malleability. Did you know that gold and silver are the most malleable metals? Activity 3.3 Activity 3.3 Activity 3.3 Activity 3.3 Activity 3.3 n Take pieces of iron, zinc, lead and copper.... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | First Edition
December 2006 Agrahayana 1928
Reprinted
November 2007, January 2009,
December 2009, November 2010,
January 2012, November 2012,
October 2013, December 2014,
December 2015, February 2017,
January 2018, January 2019,
August 2019, January 2021 and
November 2021
Revised Edition
October 2022, Kartika 1944
Repr... | First Edition December 2006 Agrahayana 1928 Reprinted November 2007, January 2009, December 2009, November 2010, January 2012, November 2012, October 2013, December 2014, December 2015, February 2017, January 2018, January 2019, August 2019, January 2021 and November 2021 Revised Edition October 2022, Kartika 1944 Repr... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Chemical Reactions and Equations
5
To equalise Fe, we take three atoms of Fe on the LHS.
3 Fe + 4 H2O → Fe3O4 + 4 H2
(1.8)
Step VI: Finally, to check the correctness of the balanced equation, we
count atoms of each element on both sides of the equation.
3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2
The numbers of atoms of... | Chemical Reactions and Equations 5 To equalise Fe, we take three atoms of Fe on the LHS. 3 Fe + 4 H2O → Fe3O4 + 4 H2 (1.8) Step VI: Finally, to check the correctness of the balanced equation, we count atoms of each element on both sides of the... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
68
bromo, etc.
Q
U
E
S
T
I
O
N
S
1.
How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane?
2.
What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number
of carbon compounds we see around us?
3.
What will be the formula and electron dot structure of cyclopentane?
Table 4.4 Nomenclature of organic compou... | Science 68 bromo, etc. Q U E S T I O N S 1. How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane? 2. What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon compounds we see around us? 3. What will be the formula... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Electricity
187
The current I2, through R2
= V/ R2
I2 = 12 V/10 Ω= 1.2 A.
The current I3, through R3
= V/R3
I3 = 12 V/30 Ω= 0.4 A.
The total current in the circuit,
I = I1 + I2 + I3
= (2.4 + 1.2 + 0.4) A
= 4 A
The total resistance Rp, is given by [Eq. (11.18)]
1
1
1
1
1
5
10
30
3
p
R
=
+
+
=
Thus, Rp = 3 Ω.
Example ... | Electricity 187 The current I2, through R2 = V/ R2 I2 = 12 V/10 Ω= 1.2 A. The current I3, through R3 = V/R3 I3 = 12 V/30 Ω= 0.4 A. The total current in the circuit, I = I1 + I2 + I3 = (2.4 + 1.2 + 0.4)... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
22
Now write and balance the equation for the above reaction. Since
metallic oxides react with acids to give salts and water, similar to the
reaction of a base with an acid, metallic oxides are said to be basic oxides.
2.1.6 Reaction of a Non-metallic Oxide with Base
You saw the reaction between carbon dioxide ... | Science 22 Now write and balance the equation for the above reaction. Since metallic oxides react with acids to give salts and water, similar to the reaction of a base with an acid, metallic oxides are said to be basic oxides. 2.1.6 Reaction of a Non-metallic Oxide with Base You... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
16
Group Activity
Perform the following activity.
n
Take four beakers and label them as A, B, C and D.
n
Put 25 mL of water in A, B and C beakers and copper sulphate solution in beaker D.
n
Measure and record the temperature of each liquid contained in the beakers above.
n
Add two spatulas of potassium sulphat... | Science 16 Group Activity Perform the following activity. n Take four beakers and label them as A, B, C and D. n Put 25 mL of water in A, B and C beakers and copper sulphate solution in beaker D. n Measure and record the temperature of each liquid contained... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
134
Light – Reflection and
Refraction
9
CHAPTER
W
e see a variety of objects in the world around us. However, we are
unable to see anything in a dark room. On lighting up the room,
things become visible. What makes things visible? During the day, the
sunlight helps us to see objects. An object reflects light th... | Science 134 Light – Reflection and Refraction 9 CHAPTER W e see a variety of objects in the world around us. However, we are unable to see anything in a dark room. On lighting up the room, things become visible. What makes things visible? During the day, the sunlight helps... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Life Processes
93
More to Know!
Blood pressure is measured with an instrument called sphygmomanometer. High
blood pressure is also called hypertension and is caused by the constriction of
arterioles, which results in increased resistance to blood flow. It can lead to the rupture
of an artery and internal bleeding.
Bloo... | Life Processes 93 More to Know! Blood pressure is measured with an instrument called sphygmomanometer. High blood pressure is also called hypertension and is caused by the constriction of arterioles, which results in increased resistance to blood flow. It can lead to the rupture of an artery and internal bleeding.... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
136
The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror forms a part of a sphere.
This sphere has a centre. This point is called the centre of curvature of
the spherical mirror. It is represented by the letter C. Please note that the
centre of curvature is not a part of the mirror. It lies outside its reflecting
surfa... | Science 136 The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror forms a part of a sphere. This sphere has a centre. This point is called the centre of curvature of the spherical mirror. It is represented by the letter C. Please note that the centre of curvature is not a part... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
170
What you have learnt
n
The ability of the eye to focus on both near and distant objects, by adjusting its
focal length, is called the accommodation of the eye.
n
The smallest distance, at which the eye can see objects clearly without strain, is
called the near point of the eye or the least distance of disti... | Science 170 What you have learnt n The ability of the eye to focus on both near and distant objects, by adjusting its focal length, is called the accommodation of the eye. n The smallest distance, at which the eye can see objects clearly without strain, is called the near... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Electricity
179
have very low resistivity in the range of 10–8 Ω m to 10–6 Ω m. They are
good conductors of electricity. Insulators like rubber and glass have
resistivity of the order of 1012 to 1017 Ω m. Both the resistance and
resistivity of a material vary with temperature.
Table 11.2 reveals that the resistivity ... | Electricity 179 have very low resistivity in the range of 10–8 Ω m to 10–6 Ω m. They are good conductors of electricity. Insulators like rubber and glass have resistivity of the order of 1012 to 1017 Ω m. Both the resistance and resistivity of a material vary with temperature.... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
62
4.2 VERSATILE NATURE OF CARBON
We have seen the formation of covalent bonds by the sharing of
electrons in various elements and compounds. We have also seen the
structure of a simple carbon compound, methane. In the beginning
of the Chapter, we saw how many things we use contain carbon. In
fact, we ourselves... | Science 62 4.2 VERSATILE NATURE OF CARBON We have seen the formation of covalent bonds by the sharing of electrons in various elements and compounds. We have also seen the structure of a simple carbon compound, methane. In the beginning of the Chapter, we saw how many things we use... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Control and Coordination
105
6.1.3 How are these Tissues protected?
A delicate organ like the brain, which is so important for a variety of
activities, needs to be carefully protected. For this, the body is designed
so that the brain sits inside a bony box. Inside the box, the brain is
contained in a fluid-filled ballo... | Control and Coordination 105 6.1.3 How are these Tissues protected? A delicate organ like the brain, which is so important for a variety of activities, needs to be carefully protected. For this, the body is designed so that the brain sits inside a bony box. Inside the box, the brain... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
190
11.7.1 Practical Applications of Heating Effect of
Electric Current
The generation of heat in a conductor is an inevitable consequence of
electric current. In many cases, it is undesirable as it converts useful
electrical energy into heat. In electric circuits, the unavoidable heating
can increase the tempe... | Science 190 11.7.1 Practical Applications of Heating Effect of Electric Current The generation of heat in a conductor is an inevitable consequence of electric current. In many cases, it is undesirable as it converts useful electrical energy into heat. In electric circuits, the unavoidable heating can increase the tempe... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
158
The SI unit of power of a lens is ‘dioptre’. It is denoted by the letter D.
If f is expressed in metres, then, power is expressed in dioptres. Thus,
1 dioptre is the power of a lens whose focal length is 1 metre. 1D = 1m–1.
You may note that the power of a convex lens is positive and that of a
concave lens ... | Science 158 The SI unit of power of a lens is ‘dioptre’. It is denoted by the letter D. If f is expressed in metres, then, power is expressed in dioptres. Thus, 1 dioptre is the power of a lens whose focal length is 1 metre. 1D = 1m–1. You... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
106
There is no growth involved in this movement. On the other hand, the
directional movement of a seedling is caused by growth. If it is prevented
from growing, it will not show any movement. So plants show two different
types of movement – one dependent on growth and the other independent
of growth.
6.2.1 Imm... | Science 106 There is no growth involved in this movement. On the other hand, the directional movement of a seedling is caused by growth. If it is prevented from growing, it will not show any movement. So plants show two different types of movement – one dependent on growth and... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Carbon and its Compounds
65
But, let us take another look at butane. If we make the carbon
‘skeleton’ with four carbon atoms, we see that two different possible
‘skeletons’ are –
C—C—C—C
Figure 4.8
Figure 4.8
Figure 4.8
Figure 4.8
Figure 4.8 (a) Two possible carbon-skeletons
Filling the remaining valencies with hyd... | Carbon and its Compounds 65 But, let us take another look at butane. If we make the carbon ‘skeleton’ with four carbon atoms, we see that two different possible ‘skeletons’ are – C—C—C—C Figure 4.8 Figure 4.8 Figure 4.8 Figure 4.8 Figure 4.8 (a) Two possible carbon-skeletons Filling the remaining... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
122
All of these are changes that can be grouped under the general process
of growth, in which the body becomes larger. But in early teenage years,
a whole new set of changes occurs that cannot be explained simply as
body enlargement. Instead, the appearance of the body changes.
Proportions change, new features... | Science 122 All of these are changes that can be grouped under the general process of growth, in which the body becomes larger. But in early teenage years, a whole new set of changes occurs that cannot be explained simply as body enlargement. Instead, the appearance of the body changes.... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Metals and Non-metals
39
You must have seen that the wires that carry current
in your homes have a coating of polyvinylchloride (PVC)
or a rubber-like material. Why are electric wires coated
with such substances?
What happens when metals strike a hard surface? Do they produce
a sound? The metals that produce a sound on... | Metals and Non-metals 39 You must have seen that the wires that carry current in your homes have a coating of polyvinylchloride (PVC) or a rubber-like material. Why are electric wires coated with such substances? What happens when metals strike a hard surface? Do they produce a sound? The metals... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Metals and Non-metals
49
You may have observed the following general properties for ionic
compounds—
(i)
Physical nature: Ionic compounds are solids and are somewhat
hard because of the strong force of attraction between the positive
and negative ions. These compounds are generally brittle and
break into pieces when pr... | Metals and Non-metals 49 You may have observed the following general properties for ionic compounds— (i) Physical nature: Ionic compounds are solids and are somewhat hard because of the strong force of attraction between the positive and negative ions. These compounds are generally brittle and break into pieces when pr... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
90
Within the lungs, the passage divides into smaller and smaller
tubes which finally terminate in balloon-like structures which
are called alveoli (singular–alveolus). The alveoli provide a surface
where the exchange of gases can take place. The walls of the alveoli
contain an extensive network of blood-vessel... | Science 90 Within the lungs, the passage divides into smaller and smaller tubes which finally terminate in balloon-like structures which are called alveoli (singular–alveolus). The alveoli provide a surface where the exchange of gases can take place. The walls of the alveoli contain an extensive network of blood-vessel... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
152
9.3.4 Image Formation by Lenses
Lenses form images by refracting light. How do lenses form images?
What is their nature? Let us study this for a convex lens first.
Activity 9.12
Activity 9.12
Activity 9.12
Activity 9.12
Activity 9.12
n
Take a convex lens. Find its approximate focal length in a way
describe... | Science 152 9.3.4 Image Formation by Lenses Lenses form images by refracting light. How do lenses form images? What is their nature? Let us study this for a convex lens first. Activity 9.12 Activity 9.12 Activity 9.12 Activity 9.12 Activity 9.12 n Take a convex lens. Find its approximate focal... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Acids, Bases and Salts
29
n
Identify the acids and bases from which the above salts may be
obtained.
n
Salts having the same positive or negative radicals are said to
belong to a family. For example, NaCl and Na2SO4 belong to the
family of sodium salts. Similarly, NaCl and KCl belong to the family
of chloride salts. ... | Acids, Bases and Salts 29 n Identify the acids and bases from which the above salts may be obtained. n Salts having the same positive or negative radicals are said to belong to a family. For example, NaCl and Na2SO4 belong to the family of sodium salts. Similarly, NaCl and... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Our Environment
209
n
If we add a few aquatic plants and animals it can become a self-
sustaining system. Can you think how this happens? An aquarium
is an example of a human-made ecosystem.
n
Can we leave the aquarium as such after we set it up? Why does
it have to be cleaned once in a while? Do we have to clean ponds... | Our Environment 209 n If we add a few aquatic plants and animals it can become a self- sustaining system. Can you think how this happens? An aquarium is an example of a human-made ecosystem. n Can we leave the aquarium as such after we set it up? Why does... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
92
The heart is a muscular organ which is
as big as our fist (Fig. 5.10). Because
both oxygen and carbon dioxide have to
be transported by the blood, the heart
has different chambers to prevent the
oxygen-rich blood from mixing with the
blood containing carbon dioxide. The
carbon dioxide-rich blood has to reach... | Science 92 The heart is a muscular organ which is as big as our fist (Fig. 5.10). Because both oxygen and carbon dioxide have to be transported by the blood, the heart has different chambers to prevent the oxygen-rich blood from mixing with the blood containing carbon dioxide. The carbon... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Science
184
On applying Ohm’s law to the three resistors separately, we further
have
V1 = I R1
[11.13(a)]
V2 = I R2
[11.13(b)]
and
V3 = I R3
[11.13(c)]
From Eq. (11.11),
I R = I R1 + I R2 + I R3
or
Rs = R1 +R2 + R3
(11.14)
We can conclude that when several resistors are joined in series, the
resistance of the combinati... | Science 184 On applying Ohm’s law to the three resistors separately, we further have V1 = I R1 [11.13(a)] V2 = I R2 [11.13(b)] and V3 = I R3 [11.13(c)] From Eq. (11.11), I R = I R1 + I R2 + I R3 or Rs = R1 +R2 +... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Carbon and its Compounds
63
Organic compounds
The two characteristic features seen in carbon, that is, tetravalency and catenation, put
together give rise to a large number of compounds. Many have the same non-carbon
atom or group of atoms attached to different carbon chains. These compounds were
initially extracted fr... | Carbon and its Compounds 63 Organic compounds The two characteristic features seen in carbon, that is, tetravalency and catenation, put together give rise to a large number of compounds. Many have the same non-carbon atom or group of atoms attached to different carbon chains. These compounds were initially extracted fr... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Metals and Non-metals
43
Metals react with water and produce a metal oxide and hydrogen
gas. Metal oxides that are soluble in water dissolve in it to further form
metal hydroxide. But all metals do not react with water.
Metal
+ Water →Metal oxide + Hydrogen
Metal oxide + Water →Metal hydroxide
Metals like potassium and... | Metals and Non-metals 43 Metals react with water and produce a metal oxide and hydrogen gas. Metal oxides that are soluble in water dissolve in it to further form metal hydroxide. But all metals do not react with water. Metal + Water →Metal oxide + Hydrogen Metal oxide + Water... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Chemical Reactions and Equations
99999
Activity 1.7
Activity 1.7
Activity 1.7
Activity 1.7
Activity 1.7
Activity 1.8
Activity 1.8
Activity 1.8
Activity 1.8
Activity 1.8
n
Take about 2 g silver chloride in a china dish.
n
What is its colour?
n
Place this china dish in sunlight for some time
(Fig. 1.7).
n
Observe the col... | Chemical Reactions and Equations 99999 Activity 1.7 Activity 1.7 Activity 1.7 Activity 1.7 Activity 1.7 Activity 1.8 Activity 1.8 Activity 1.8 Activity 1.8 Activity 1.8 n Take about 2 g silver chloride in a china dish. n What is its colour? n Place this china dish in sunlight for some... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Electricity
189
Applying Ohm’s law [Eq. (11.5)], we get
H = I2 Rt
(11.21)
This is known as Joule’s law of heating. The
law implies that heat produced in a resistor is
(i) directly proportional to the square of current
for a given resistance, (ii) directly proportional to
resistance for a given current, and (iii) direct... | Electricity 189 Applying Ohm’s law [Eq. (11.5)], we get H = I2 Rt (11.21) This is known as Joule’s law of heating. The law implies that heat produced in a resistor is (i) directly proportional to the square of current for a given resistance, (ii) directly proportional to resistance for... |
Summarize the following historical passage: | Life Processes
89
cells, or away from them and out into the air. The direction of diffusion
depends upon the environmental conditions and the requirements of
the plant. At night, when there is no photosynthesis occurring, CO2
elimination is the major exchange activity going on. During the day,
CO2 generated during resp... | Life Processes 89 cells, or away from them and out into the air. The direction of diffusion depends upon the environmental conditions and the requirements of the plant. At night, when there is no photosynthesis occurring, CO2 elimination is the major exchange activity going on. During the day, CO2 generated... |
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